Endnotes for Chapter I
- 1 George W. Williams, A History of the Negro Troops in the War o f the
Rebellion 1861-1865 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1888); Theophilus G.
Steward, The Colored Regulars in the U.S. Army (Philadelphia: A.M.E., 1904).
In addition, many of the regiments of the United States Colored Troops and
state regiments of the Civil War had their own histories.
-
- 2 Editorials, "Our Special Grievances" and "The
Reward," The Crisis, XVI (September, 1918), 217. The first line
here quoted is the last line of "Our Special Grievances"; the
remainder is the opening section of "The Reward." The two
editorials were printed in sequence as answers to criticisms of a previous
editorial, "Close Ranks," in which the magazine had urged its
readers to "forget our special grievances and close our ranks" in
the fight for democracy.
-
- 3 Quoted in The Crisis, XVI (September, 1918) 238. The regiment
referred to was the 371st Infantry 93d Division, assigned to the French
157th Division but operating with the French 68th Division.
-
- 4 Quoted in The Crisis, XVI (July, 1918) , 130-31, along with
excerpts from the Buffalo Evening News, Brooklyn Times, Boston
Evening Transcript, New York Times, and the New York Tribune.
See also The Literary Digest, LVIII (September 7, 1918), 48, 50;
Arthur W. Little, From Harlem to the Rhine (New York: Covici, Friede,
1936), 192-201.
-
- 5 "The Looking Glass: Over There," The Crisis, XVI
(August, 1918) , 179.
-
- 6 "Croix de Guerre and Rare Praise for American Negro Troops,"
The Literary Digest, LX (January 18, 1919) , 55-56. The account
continues with narratives of individual soldiers. For other accounts and
comments see "The Looking Glass: Lost Echoes," The Crisis, XVII
(January, 1919), 193.
-
- 7 "The Negro in the War: How French and
American Black Troops
Performed Deeds of Valor on Many Battlefields," Current History, XI
(December, 1919) 540.
-
- 8 New York Times, February 18, 1919.
-
- 9 The Independent and Harpers' Weekly, XCVII (March 1,
1919), 286.
-
- 10 William S. McNutt, "Making Soldiers in Dixie," Collier's
Weekly, LXI (April 27, 1918), 7. See also David L. Ferguson, "With
This Black Man's Army," The Independent and Harpers'
Weekly, XCVII (March 15, 1919) , 868, 385.
-
- 11 "Honor to Whom Honor Is Due;' The Outlook, CXXI (February
26, 1919) , 329.
-
- 12 Emmett J. Scott, Scott's Official History of the American Negro in
the World War (Chicago: Homewood Press, 1919), pp 344-53.
-
- 13 Ibid., pp 64-65; "Army's Only Colored Colonel, 'Hero of
Race,' Laid at Rest," Washington Evening Star, June 1, 1923
quoted in Abraham Chew, A Biography of Col. Charles Young (
Washington: R. L. Pendleton, 1923), pp7, 11-12
-
- 14 Editorial, "The Negro and the War Department," The Crisis,
XVI (May, 1918) , 7-8.
-
- 15 The Crisis, XXVI (July, 1923), 106. See also William E. B.
DuBois, The Gift of Black Folk (Boston: Stratford Co., 1924), p.
131.
-
- 16 Ltr, CG Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army, Colonia Dublan, Mexico, to TAG,
21 Aug 16, sub: Recommendation of Officers To Command Militia in Federal
Service, quoted in The Crisis, XV (March, 1918), 218.
-
- 17 Addie W. Hunton and Kathryn M. Johnson, Two Colored Women with the
American Expeditionary Forces (Brooklyn: Brooklyn Eagle Press, 1920),
P. 43.
-
- 18 William E. B. DuBois, "The Black Man in the Revolution of
1914-1918," The Crisis, XVII (March, 1919) 223.
-
- 19 Scott, History of the American Negro in the World War, p. 97.
-
- 20 "Documents of the War," collected by William E. B. DuBois, The
Crisis, XVIII (May, 1919) ; Scott, History of the American Negro in
the World War, p. 438
-
- 21 Editorial, "The Negro Officer," National Service With the
International Military Digest, V (March, 1919), 134.
-
- 22 Quoted from the New York Post in "The
Looking Glass:
Negro Officers," The Crisis, XVIII (June, 1919), 96.
-
- 23 Cf., "Rap," The Crisis, XVIII (May, 1919), 12-13;
Charles H. Williams, Sidelights on Negro Soldiers (Boston: Brimmer,
1923) , pp. 74-76; Robert R. Moton, Finding A Way Out, An Autobiography (New
York: Doubleday, Page, 1920) , pp. 251-65.
-
- 24 Scott, History of the American Negro in the World War, pp.
417-25; Second Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary
of War on the Operations of the Selective Service System to December 20,
1918 (Washington, 1919), pp. 195-96; Monroe Mason and Arthur Furr, The
American Negro Soldier with the Red Hand of France (Boston: Cornhill,
1920), pp. 115-17.
-
- 25 The World War I Camp Alexander at
Hampton Roads was named for
Lieutenant Alexander, second Negro graduate of West Point.
-
- 26 All quotations in this paragraph and the preceding three are from
letters, William N. Colson and A. B. Nutt, "The Failure of the Ninety
Second Division," The Messenger, II (September, 1919), 22-25.
For later accounts by other participants see Howard H. Long, "The Negro
Soldier in the Army of the United States," Journal of Negro
Education, XII (1943) , 307-15: and Charles H. Houston, "Saving
the World for Democracy," Pittsburgh Courier, July 20-October 12, 1940.
-
- 27 Scott, History of the American Negro in the World War, pp. 433, 439:
William E. B. DuBois, "The Black Man in the Revolution of
1914-1918," The Crisis, XVII (March, 1919) , 223; William E. B.
DuBois, "An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great
War," The Crisis, XVIII (June,1919) , 80-83; Colson and Nutt, article
cited n. 26, above, p. 24; Hunton and Johnson, Two Colored Women with the
AEF, p. 48; Long, article cited n. 26, above, passim; Williams, Sidelights
on Negro Soldiers, pp. 163-66; Carter G. Woodson, The Negro in Our History
(Washington: The Associated Publishers, 1922) , p. 520 (1931 edition);
Sgt. William O. Ross and Cpl. Duke L. Slaughter, With the 351st in France
(Baltimore: Afro-American Co., 1919) ; Mason and Furr, The American Soldier
with the Red Hand of France, passim.
-
- 28 Maj. Gen. Robert L. Bollard, Personalities and Reminiscences of the
War (New York: Doubleday Page, 1925) , especially Chapter XXX.
-
- 29 Ibid., pp. 295-96. Brackets are in the original.
-
- 30 Ibid., p. 298.
-
- 31 Representative later accounts are: General John J. Pershing, My
Experiences in the World War (New York: F. A. Stokes Co., 1931), 2
vols.; Maj. Gen. Robert Alexander, Memories of the World War, 1917-1918 (New
York: Macmillan, 1931) ; William A. Percy, Lanterns on the Levee (New York:
A. A. Knopf, 1940). Accounts by officers of Negro units are: Capt. Chester
D. Heywood, Negro Combat Troops in the World War: The Story of the 371st
Infantry (Worcester, Mass.: Commonwealth Press, 1928) ; Little, From Harlem
to the Rhine.
-
- 32 "Opinion of W. E. B. DuBois: Bollard," The Crisis, XXX
(September, 1925), 218-29.
-
- 33 Letters and reports in AWC 127-3-24 (1920)
-
- 34 The 371st was a Southern draft regiment with all white officers; the
372d was a National Guard regiment from New England, Ohio, Maryland, and the
District of Columbia in which white officers replaced most of the Negro
officers.
-
- 35 This recommendation was bulwarked by a comparison of the performance of
the separate regiments of the 93d with those of the 92d Division.
-
- 36 Excerpts from Ltr, Col Charles C. Ballou to Asst Comdt Gen Staff
College, 14 Mar 20, AWC 127-19.
-
- 37 Ltr, Col William P. Jackson, IGD, to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 28
Mar 20, AWC 127-16
-
- 38 Ltr, Maj Walter E. Prosser (CO 350th FA) to Asst Comdt Gen Staff
College, 14 Apr 20, AWC 127-10.
-
- 39 Ltr, Maj Thomas A. Roberts to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 5 Apr 20,
AWC 127-17.
-
- 40 Ibid.
-
- 41 Ltr, Col Perry L. Miles to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, undated but
received 13 May 21, AWC 127-22.
-
- 42 Ltr, Col Vernon A. Caldwell to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 14 Mar 20,
AWC 127-15. Colonel Caldwell had commanded a Negro company in Cuba and in
the Philippines in the War with Spain. For a time, he commanded the 365th
Infantry in France.
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