Endnotes for Chapter XIX

1 Hq 92d Inf Div, GO 14. 

2 Maj. Paul Goodman, A Fragment of Victory (Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 1952) is a detailed account of the 92d Division's operations in Italy. It offers more on divisional planning and more on the enemy aspects of the story than does this chapter.

3 Col Sherman, Notes on 370th RCT, 92d Inf Div (remarks by Col Sherman, CO 370th RCT) to Col Harry H. Semmes, G-1 IV Corps, 10-20-44, 92d Div Files; Opus Rpt 370th Inf, Aug 44, 392-INF
(370) .

4 Examples: Lit, Pfc Percy C. Parker, 387th Engr Bn (Sep) to CO Co D, 387th Engr Bn, 24 Nov 44, with Inds; Ltr, 1st Sgt Earl Williams, 3822d QM Truck Co, to CG Repl Comd, 26 Nov 44, with Inds; Ltr, Pvt John H. Gray, 743d MP Bn, to CG Repl Comd, 31 Dec 44, with Inds. All in 92d Div 210.3 X 220.3.

5 Msg, Devers to Marshall, 8 Jun 44, CM-IN 6151. 

6 Fifth Army History, VII, "The Gothic Line" (Capt. John Bowditch III) (Florence, Italy: L'Impronta Press, n.d.)  1319. Unless otherwise noted, sources for this section are the Fifth Army History, IV Corps and 92d Infantry Division operations reports, and the operations reports, journals, and monthly histories of the elements of the 92d Division referred to.

7 Foreword, Hist of Task Force 45, 29 Jul 44 to 28 Jan 45, Opn Rpts 105-81.1 (15093) .

8 Fifth Army OI 31, 7 Aug 44; Fifth Army History, VII, 15.

9 Fifth Army OI 32, 17 Aug 44.

10 1st Armd Div G-3 Jul, 17 Aug 44; Fifth Army OI 32, 17 Aug 44; Ltr, Hq Fifth Army, 17 Aug 44, AG 322.1-Y.

11 1st Armd Div FO 21, 23 Aug 44; 1st Armd Div G-3 Jul, 24 Aug 44.

12 Opus Rpt 370th Inf Regt, Aug-Dec 44; Rpt of Opns of the IV Corps in the Italian Campaign, 1-31 Aug 44.

13 General Mark W. Clark, Calculated Risk (New York: Harper's, 1950) , p. 392.

14 Ibid. The officer was Capt. Charles F. Gandy, commanding Company F, 370th Infantry. In this account of the 92d Division all lieutenants are Negroes, all higher ranking officers white, unless otherwise identified. All enlisted men, of course, are Negroes. All supporting and attached units, unless otherwise identified, are white American units.

15 Allied Armies in Italy Opn Order 3, 16 Aug 44: Fifth Army OI 32, 17 Aug 44.

16 Fifth Army OI 32, 17 Aug 44.

171bid.; Fifth Army History, VII, 21-23.

18 Fifth Army OI 34. 4 SeP 44

19 Fifth Army History, VII, 79.

20 Ltr, Wood to CG 92d Div, 8 Sep 44, 92d Div Files.

21 Ltrs, Wood to CG 92d Div, 20 and 22 Sep 44, 92d Div Files.

22 Memo, CofS IV Corps for Brig Gen Donald W. Brann, G-3 Fifth Army, 30 Aug 44, copy in IV Corps G-3 Jul File.

23 Ltr, Wood to CG 92d Div, 20 Sep 44, IV Corps G-3 Jnl File.

24 Ibid.

25 Ltr, Hq 370th Inf to CG 92d Div, 26 Nov 44, 92d Div Files.

26 Opns Rpt 390th RCT, Sep 44.

27 IV Corps Opns in the Italian Campaign, Sep 44

28 Lit, IV Corps to CG Fifth Army, 4 Oct 44, copy in IV Corps G-3 Jnl File; IV Corps OI 62, 5 Oct
44

29 Fifth Army OI 35. 5 Oct 44; TF 92 FO 1, 5 Oct 44

30 IV Corps Opns in the Italian Campaign, Oct 44.

31 Statement, 1st Sgt Frank C. Clendening, Co B, 370th Inf, 16 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

32 Ibid. Sergeant Clendening, who had earlier received a Bronze Star, was commended for Reorganizing the scattered elements of his company and setting up a defense position. Incl to Ltr, Hq 92d Inf Div TF, Actg Off in Charge to CG 92d Inf Div Task Gp, 17 Oct 44, 92d Div Files 333-1.

33 Hq Ex0 370th Inf to CG 92d Inf Div, 13 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

34 Statement, Lt Robert D. Montjoy, CO Company C, 370th Inf, 15 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

35 Statement, 2d Lt Wesley B. Lee, 28 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

36 Statement, SSgt Johnny R. Walden, Sd Platoon, Co A, 370th Inf, 28 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

37 Statement, 2d Lt James A. Henson, 26 Oct 44 92d Div Files.

38 Statement, Capt Edward M. Eagan, 27 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

39 Sherman Notes on 370th RCT, 20 Oct 44, 92d Div Files

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid.

42 EXO Hq 370th Inf to CG 92d Inf Div, 13 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

43 1st Ind, Hq 370th CT to CG 92d Div,16 Oct 44,on Ltr,CG 92d Inf Div to CO 370th Inf, 13 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

44 Negroes from the East Coast Processing Center, where men AWOL at the time of the shipment of their units were sent, could be shipped overseas to theaters as replacements without regard to theater requirements or desires.

45 Sherman Notes on 370th RCT, 20 Oct 44, 92d Div Files.

46 Memo, Hq AGF for CofS, 4 Aug 44, AGF 320,.2/1 (92d Div); OPD for DCofS, 9 Aug 44, OPD 3705 Africa (4 Aug 44).

47 Ltrs in 92d Div Files 210.3 Transfer of Offs.

48 Asst Div TIC, (Capt Charles H. Welch), Rpt of Investigation of Shooting of 1st Lt John T. Murphy . . . 317th Engr Combat Bn, 92d Div Files.

49 Warman Welliver [Capt FA, gzd Diva "Report on the Negro Soldier" Harper's, CXCII (April,
1946) 338.

50 92d Div G-3 Opns Summary, 15 Oct 42-t5 Nov 45, Pts. II, III, V.

51 Hq 92d Div, Ltr, Div IG to CG 92d Div, 15 Mar 45, 92d Div Files 3333.

52 Ibid.; Ltr, CG Fifth Army to CG MTOUSA, 14 Dec 44, OPD 322.97.

53 92d Div G-3 Opus Summary, 15 Oct 42-15 Nov 45, Pt. II.

54 Hq Intel Center, 7769th Hq and Hq Co, Special Investigation and Intel Rpt (report prepared after the war by a group of captured German officers representing all staff sections of OB Suedwest and some of the subordinate commands), copy in OCMH files.

55 Clark, Calculated Risk, p. 8.

56 Ltr, Hq Fifth Army to CG's II, IV, XIII Corps, CG's 6th South African Armd, 92d Inf Divs, 2 Nov 44. 92 Div Files 370.2-Y.

57 Hq 92d Inf Div, Plan "Fourth Term," 15 Jan 45

58 Ltr, CG 92d Inf Div to Clark, 27 Nov 44, copy in WDSSP (MTO) (app. II) 1482.

59 Memo, Fifth Army, A.M.G. for Gen Clark, 30 May 44, Mathews File, OCMH.

60 Memo, Hq Fifth Army for Gen Gruenther, 31 May 44, Mathews File, OCMH.

61 Msg, Fifth Army to NATOUSA, 31 May 44. MC-IN 19046, 31 May 44, AFHQ G-3 Opns, 0/00/12C (10 B 106F) ser. 40.

62 Memo, Col Wood for Gen Brann, 2 Jun 44. Mathews File, OCMH.

63 War Diary 366th Inf, Mar-May 44.

64 Ibid., Jun 44.

65 Ltr, Hq 14th Fighter Gp (TE) to CO Co E, 23 Aug 44, and Ltr, Hq Fifteenth AF to CO 366th, 25 Sep 44. Both in Hist of 366th Inf Regt, Sep 44.

66 Memo, Hq 366th Inf (Col H. D. Queen) for Gen Davis,11 Sep 44.

67 Hist of 366th Inf Regt, Nov 44; see also Hq 92d Inf, Rpt of opus of the 366th Inf (Lt Col 'T. J. Arnold), n.d., 92d Div Files.

68 lst Ind, CO 371st Inf (Col James Notestein) to CG 92d Div, 12 Dec 44, on Ltr, CG 92d Div to CO 371st Inf, 7 Dec 44, 92d Div Files.

69 1. Respectfully request that I be relieved from assignment and command of the 366th Infantry regiment for the following reasons:
a. The treatment the regiment and myself have received during the period of attachment to the 92d Infantry Division has been such as to disturb me mentally and has not been such as is usually given an officer of my grade and service.
b. To keep my record clear and up to normal expectations, before I break under the present strain as I am now physically and mentally exhausted.
2. 1 have been in command of this unit since 31 January, 1943 and have at all times subscribed fully to the policy of higher authority and previously have received the proper courtesy and respect in return." Ltr, CO 366th Inf Regt to CG Fifth Army, 11 Dec 44, 92d Div Files.

70 365th Inf Regt plus the 597th FA Bn, Co B, 317th Engr Bn, and Co A, 317th Med Bn.

71 Hist of 349th Inf Regt, Dec 44; Hq 88th Inf Div, Dir 5, 20 Dec 44; G-3 Pers Rpt, 88th Inf Div.

72 Memo, Hq ASF for Col Roamer (copies to ASF Brs, WDGS Sees, Civ Aide), 6 Dec 44, OPD
322.97 (6 Dec 44) .

73 Ltr, CG Fifth Army (Clark) to CG MTOUSA (McNarney), 14 Dec 44; Cover Ltr, McNarney to Gen Handy, and 1st Ind, 19 Dec 44. All in OPD 322.97.

74 Memo, Civ Aide for ASW, 20 Dec 44, ASW 291.2 Negro Trps-Alpha.

75 Fifth Army OI 37.

76 Hist of 760th Tank Bn, Dec 44.

77 S-2 and S-3 Jnls, 2d Bn 366th Inf.

78 598th FA Bn Jnl.

79 85th Inf Div G-3 Opns Rpt, Del 44.

80 Fifth Army 01 2, 9 Jan 45.

81 Capt Raymond A. Diggs, Rpt of Opns of 3d Bn 1366th, 8-11 Feb 45, 20 Feb 45, in Hist Rpt, 866th Inf, Feb 45.

82 1st Ind to CG 92d Inf Div, 21 Feb 45, on Lit, :]G 92d Inf Div to CO 365th Inf, 3 Feb 45, copy in WDSSP RG 113 (MTO) (app. II).

83 Ltr, Hq 15th Army Gp to CG Fifth Army, 22 Feb 45, AG 370.2.

84 The recommendation on the 370th's battalion was disapproved by General Crittenberger inasmuch as, since the events investigated, the battalion had continued in use in the absence of other troops. One of its companies had subsequently acquitted itself well at Calomini when under attack in the Serchio valley; later, after rest and retraining, it performed poorly in the February attack on the Strettoia hill mass. Ltr, Hq IV Corps, 9 Jan 45, on Investigation, IV Corps IG, 8 Jan 45; 1st Ind, Hq 92d Div to CG Fifth Army, 7 Feb 45, on Lit, Hq Fifth Army to CG 92d Inf Div, 27 Jan 45; Ltrs, Hq 92d Inf Div, OTIG to CG 92d Div, 23 and 28 Feb 45. All in 92d Div Files.

85 Hq Fifth Army, Plans, P/114 Future Opus, 27 Feb 45, Plans 23 Jan-27 Feb 45.

86 Memo, Fifth Army G-1 for G-3 Planning Com, 22 Feb 45, Plans 23 Jan-27 Feb 45.

87 Interv with Gen Marshall, 25 Jul 49, by Dr. Sidney Mathews, Majs Roy Lamson and James D. T.Hamilton, and Dr. Howard Smyth, OCMH; Ltr, Gen Truscott to Gen Handy, 8 May 45, OPD Cld Trps-Corresp File. The German commander of he 148th Grenadier Division, whose units were )oposite the 92d Division during much of the winter, comparing the two units after the war, said: "The 92d Division was a fairly good Division when units of said Division appeared in the field. The Negro soldiers, taken individually, was [sic] not courageous. As soon as the 92d Division suffered casualties, their attacks did not proceed any more. The tooth [tooth Battalion, 442dl Japanese American Regiment was an excellent unit, absolutely trained for mountain warfare. They were feared by the Germans, since it was rumoured by the Germans that they were not in the habit of taking prisoners." Generalleutnant Otto Fretter-Pico, German Interrogations, III-7 Arno-Po Valley, OCMH.

88 The 4734 Infantry was activated in January 1945 from the antiaircraft units of Task Force 45. The name Task Force 45 was still used for a period thereafter to mask the conversion and to apply to the 365th Regimental Combat Team and to units of the l0th Mountain Division entering the line.

89 Ltr, Hq 92d Inf Div, Office CG to CG Fifth Army, 18 Feb 45, 92d Div Files.

90 Ltr, Almond to Truscott, 18 Feb 45, cover letter to letter cited n. 89

91 Ltr, Hq Fifth Army to CG 15th Army Gp, 19 Feb 45, 92d Div Files. The designation "366th" was not available for an engineer unit, since it was already being used by the 366th Engineer Regiment.

92 Ltr, Hq 15th Army Gp to CG Fifth Army, 22 Feb 45; Ltr, Hq Fifth Army to CG 92d Div, 25 Feb 45. Both in AG 370.2.

93 Ltr, Hq 92d Div to CG Fifth Army, 3 Mar 45, AG 570.2.

94 Milton Bracker, "Americans Lose Ground in Italy," New York Times, February 14, 1945. See also "The Luckless 92nd," Newsweek, XXV (February 26, 1945), 34-35.

95 Rpt, Civ Aide to Gen Nelson, 12 Mar 45, ASW files.

96 Ibid.

97 The division later explained that it had re,lassified officers in August before proceeding overseas.

98 Ibid.

99 Division figures for March 1945 showed: Class f: 150 men, is percent; Class II: 1,361, 9.8 percent; Class III: 2,006, 14.5 percent; Class IV: 6,046, 43.7 percent; Class V, 4,085, 29.4 percent; illiterate: 202, 1.5 percent; total number of men: 13,850.

100 Rpt, Civ Aide to Gen Nelson, 12 Mar 45.

101 Memo, Civ Aide to SW for ASW, 23 Apr 45, OPD Cld Trps-Gorresp, item 2.

102 Milton Bracker, "Negro Courage Upheld in Inquiry," New York Times, March 15, 1945. See also John Chabot Smith, New York Herald Tribune, March 15, 1945; "A Behavior Pattern," Newsweek, XXV (March 26, 1945) , 37.

103 Editorial, "Somebody's Gotta Go!" Chicago Defender, March 24, 1945.

104 Michigan Chronicle, March 24, 1945; New York People's Voice, March 24, 1945.

105 George S. Schuyler in "Views and Reviews," Pittsburgh Courier, March 31, 1945. Schuyler's views were not necessarily those of the paper in which his column appeared.

106 Editorial, "Too Much Ado About the 92d Division Episode," Norfolk Journal and Guide, April 14, 1945.

107 Baltimore Afro-American, Editorial, "Remove General Almond," March 24, 1945. For a similar opinion, see also Harry McAlpin, "Uncovering Washington," Philadelphia Tribune, March 31,
1945

108 "Collins George Cables From Rome: Reporters Term Criticism of Truman Gibson 'Unfair,'" Pittsburgh Courier, April 7, 1945.

109 Washington Afro-American, April 15, 1945. See also "The Social Front: Armed Forces," A Monthly Summary of Trends in Race Relations, 11 (April, 1945) , 253. This analytical journal, after pointing out that no other division had been singled out for such criticism as a division and that Gibson would have been wiser if he had released a prepared statement with no phrases which could be taken out of context, observed that "Negro newspapers have been almost unanimous in holding Jim Crow makes for less than maximum fighting efficiency, but many of them are embarrassed to find evidence of the correctness of their contention."

110 Fifth Army History, vol. IX. The 442d was formally attached to the 92d Division on 3 April 1945 by radio message from IV Corps. Opns Rpt 442d RCT, Apr 45.

111 The 679th Tank Destroyer Battalion arrived in Leghorn on 1-2 March 1945, moving into combat positions in support of the 92d Division on 17 March 1945. Hist 679th TD Bn.

112 Capt J. F. Runyon, Rpt on CO C, 370th Inf, Combined 0pns 5-6 Apr 45, dated 12 Apr 45, copy
in WDSSP RG 113 (MTO)(app. II) 1482.

113 Col R. G. Sherman, Narrative of Attack by 370th Inf, 5-8 Apr 45, WDSSP RG 113 (MTO)
(app. 11) 1482.

114 Runyon Rpt, 12 Apr 45; 1st Lt Vernon J. Baker, Narrative of Action of 5 Apr 45, dated 12 Jun 45. Copies of both in WDSSP RG 113 (MTO) (app. II). For his actions on this day and for leading a battalion advance through heavy mine fields and heavy fire the following night, Baker won the Distinguished Service Cross. GO 70, Hq Fifth Army, lo Jun 45.

115 Runyon Rpt,12 Apr 45, WDSSP RG 119 (MTO) (app. II).

116 Personal Ltr, Notestein to Almond, 15 Apr 45, item 16, T46-79.

117 Ltr, Pvt Robert R. Thompson, Inf, in "Mail Call," Stars and Stripes (Italy) , June 8, 1945.

118 Personal Ltr, Ray to Gibson, 14 May 45, WDGAP/291.2. After the war Ray succeeded Gibson as Civilian Aide in November 1945.

119 Ltr, CO 761st Tank Bn (Lt Col Paul L. Bates) to Gibson, through channels, 13 Apr 45. This letter, which went on to outline the career of the ;61st Tank Battalion, and the letter from Colonel Ray, referred to above, were personally handed to Maj. Gen. Stephen G. Henry, G-, by Gibson, and forwarded to major agencies of the War Department by General Henry for information on a subject of "timely importance." Memo, G-1 for ACT, AAF, ASF, G-3, OPD, 5 Jun 45, inclosing copies of letters, WDGAP/291.2.

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