Endnotes for Chapter II

1 WDGO 17, 15 March 1869. The original 24th Infantry became a part of the 11th Infantry; the original 25th became a part of the 18th Infantry.

2 In October 1904 and again in April 1907, the question of the enlisted of Negroes in the Coast Artillery had been raised and the Judge Advocate General had ruled that this question could only be determined by legislative and not by administrative action. Memo, JAG for DCofS, 15 Mar 22, AG 322.97 (3-1-22) (1).

3 Memo, DCofS for JAG, 1 Mar 22, AG 322.97 (3-1-22)

4 Memo, DCofS for JAG, 4 Mar 22, AG 329.97 (3-4-22) . In 1919 it had been announced that the 184th Brigade, to contain the 24th and 25th Infantry, would be attached to the 7th Division, with the 9th Cavalry also assigned to this division and the 10th Cavalry assigned to the 36th Division. This was an interim organization, when twenty infantry divisions, each with one cavalry regiment assigned, and one cavalry division, were planned. Army and Navy Journal, (April 5, 1919); National Service with the International Military Digest (September, 1919) , pp. 186-88.

5 WDGO 72, 21 July 1890; WDGO 79, 25 July 1890.

6 Memo, JAG for DCofS, 15 Mar 22, AG 322.97 (3-1-22) (1).

7 Ltr, TAG to CG's All Corps Areas, 2o Aug 21, AG 320.2 (8-1 1-21).

8 WD Cir 271, 1919; WD Cir 355, 1919; WD Cir 365, 1919; WD Cir 392, 1919.

9 Ltr, Actg TAG to CG's All Corps Areas, 6 Jul 22, AG 322.212 (7-1-22) Enlisted RA. The act of 30 June 1922 reduced the Army to 125,000 enlisted men. Of these, 49,107 were allotted to the infantry.

10 Ltr, Actg TAG to CG's All Corps Areas, 3 Jul 22, AG 342.1 (6-30-22) RA Rtg No. 21.

11 Personal Ltr, Maj Gen Douglas MacArthur, CofS, to Maj Gen Edwin B. Winans, CG Eighth Corps Area, 17 Aug 31; Ltr, Frederick H. Payne, Actg SW, to Walter White, Secy NAACP, 11 Aug 31. Both in AG 320.2 (6-17-31) (1) sec. 1. See also letters in AG 620 (4-23-41)(1) sec. 2.

12 The 65th Infantry (Puerto Rican) was similarly affected.

13 Ltr, TAG to CG's, 2 Jul 31, AG 320.2 (6-17-31) Enlisted, based on Memo, G-3 for TAG, 17 Jun 31, AG 320.2 (6-i (6-17-31); Ltr, TAG to CG'S Corps Areas, 25 Jun 34, AG 320.2 (6-25-34) Enlisted.

14 Marginal note, signed C.C., on Ltr, TAG to CG'S, 2 Jul 31, cited in note 13, above.

15 Ltr, Walter White to President Hoover, 29 Jul 31, AG 320.2 (6-17-31)(1) sec. 1.

16 AG 320.2 (6-17-31) (1) sec.1, Protests; AG 620 (4-23-31) (1) sec. 2.

17 Ltr, Gen MacArthur to Walter H. Newton, Secy to President, 3 Sep 31; Ltr, Actg SW Payne to Newton, 18 Sep 31. Both in AG 620 (4-23-31) sec.

18 Ltr, Walter White to Gen MacArthur, 10 Sep 31, AG 620 (4-23-31) (1) sec. 2, and attached note.

19 Ltr, Moton to Hoover, 18 Sep 31, forwarded to WD 22 Sep 31, AG 620 (4-23-31) (1) sec. 211; see also Ltrs, Moton to Hoover, 31 Aug 31 and 27 Oct 31, same file. The officer referred to was Col. Benjamin O. Davis.

20 Ltr, Newton to Actg SW, 15 Sep 31; Resolution, Third Ward Regular Republican Organization, Chicago, to the President, 5 Oct 31; Telg, New Jersey State Republican League, 28 Oct 31; Ltr, Comdr Tacitus E. Gaillard Post, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Kansas City, Mo., to the President, 15 Jan 32. All in AG 620 (4-23-31)(1) sec. 2B.

21 Ltr, Hoover to SW, 30 Oct 31, AG 620 (4-2331) (1) sec. 2 B.

22 "Organization Activities," The Cavalry Journal, XL (September-October, 1931) , 59. The source of this article was the 10th Cavalry itself. It revealed the expectation of the regiment upon receipt of orders.

23 Ltrs, various dates, AG 62o (4-23-31) (1) sec. 2A; Ltr, Omaha NAACP to SW, 5 Oct 31; Ltr, Actg CofS to Omaha NAACP, 9 Oct 31; Telg, John A. Singleton, President Omaha NAACP, to SW, 1 NOV 31. Last three documents in AG 62o (4-23-31) (1) sec. 2B.

24 Ltr, DCofS to Barnett, 15 Oct 31, AG 620 (4-23-31)(1) sec. 2B.

25 Ltr, TAG to Senator Elmer Thomas, Okla., 13 Apr 39, AG 291.21 (4-10-39).

26 Up to 1940 a total of four Negroes had been graduated from West Point: Henry O. Flipper, Cavalry, 1877; John H. Alexander, Cavalry, 1887; Charles Young, Cavalry, 1889; Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., Infantry, 1936.

27 Ltr, Walter D. McClure, Jr. (Roxbury, Mass.), to SW, 13 Apr 41, and answer, TAG to McClure, 18 Apr 41, AG 291.21 (4-13-41) (1); Rpt, Lt Col Willis J. Tack, PMS&T, University of Akron, re Allegations . . . (of) Samuel R. Shepard [concerning racial discrimination in ROTC], 3 Dec 41, AG 291.21 (11-17-41) (3)

28 Tab C to Memo, G-1 for CofS, 28 Sep 40, AG 210.31 ORC (9-28-40) .

29 The Negro units of the Washington High School Cadet Corps evidenced their esteem for the Regular Army Negro units by designating their regiments the 4th and 25th, composing the 9th Brigade of Washington High School Cadets.

30 See The Crisis, XXVII (February, 1924), 151.

31 Only once in the history of the United States Army was a Negro unit of corps size organized; this organization, the XXV Corps, was formed toward the end of the Civil War. Like all Civil War corps it was a great deal smaller than a World War II corps.

32 Memo, G-3 for CON, 28 NOV 22, AG 322.97 (11-28-22) (1).

33 The 34 percent loss figure was based on the percentage of casualties in the mobilized force of Great Britain during World War I, a figure which was considered comparable to the losses which the United States might expect in event of all-out war.

34 This point was not pursued to a discussion of any further differences which may have existed between the employment of these regiments by the French and by the AEF.

35 Ltr, TAG to CG's Corps Areas, Depts, Chiefs Branches and Bureaus, CG District of Washington, 27 Dec 22, AG 322.97 (11-28-22) (Misc Div).

36 Ltr, TAG to CG's Corps Areas, 12 Jul 23, AG 322.97 (6-30-23) (Misc) M-C.

37 Ltr, CofE to TAG, 24 Dec 21, and 1st Ind, TAG to CofE, 27 Jan 22, AG 320 Orgd Res (1224-21); Ltr, OCE to TAG, 20 Jul 23; Ltr, TAG to CofE, 30 Jul 23. Last two in AG 322.97 (11-2822) (1) .

38 Memo, G-3 for TAG, 28 Jul 28. AG 322.97 (5-16-31) .

39 Ltr, TAG to All CG's Corps Areas and All Chiefs Arms and SVS, 28 Jul 28, AG 381 (7-28-28)(Misc) ; Ltr, TAG to All CG's Corps Arcas and All Chiefs Arms and Svs, 1 Jan 38, AG 381 (1-11-98) (Misc) A-M.

40 Memo, G-1 for DCofS, 25 May 31, AG 322.97 (5-16-31). The summary itself was prepared from G-3 files.

41 Attachment of not more than one Negro infantry battalion, field artillery battalion, or cavalry squadron of the Regular Army to white infantry, field artillery, or cavalry regiments had been approved in 1927. G-3/6541-Gen-151, 26 Mar 27.

42 Inactive units, in theory, exist but they have no enlisted men. Officers may be carried on assignment to inactive units, and enlisted men may be provided at any time.

43 Memo, G-1 for DCofS, 25 May 31, and Incl, AG 322.97 (5-16-31).

44 Memos G-1 for CofS, 26 Apr 37, G-1/14615.

45 Ibid

46 Memo, OCS for G-1, 17 Feb 38, OCS/15384-5.

47 Memo, Comdt AWC for G-1, 17 Apr 37 (Second Draft), G-1/14615 (4-26-36) .

48 They were published in MR 1-1, Personnel: Basic Instructions; MR 1-2, Personnel Requirements; MR 1-3, Officers; and MR 1-4, Officer Candidates, along with other pertinent regulations.

49 MR 1-2, 1 Sep 38, par. 2. Modified in the
May 1939 revision by the proviso "Where the situation will permit and warrant such action." Dates given in these notes on the regulations will be those of initial publication, usually in mimeographed copies distributed for comment. Where significant changes occurred in later versions they will be so noted.

50 MR 1-2 (1938), par. 2.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid., par. lib. In the 1 May 1939 revision, par. 2a, the limitation was added: ". . . will, so far as practicable, provide in its plans." Both 1939 versions added that the War Department's plans would include appropriate instructions where the foregoing procedures were inapplicable. MR 1-2 (1939), par. 2b.

53 MR 1-1, 23 Aug 38, par. ga (5) (c) . Later refined to include Negro units or subdivisions of installations, MR 1-1, to Feb 39.

54 MR 1-2, 15 Jul 39, par. 19b (5)

55 MR 1-2 (1938) , par. 11b; 15 Jul 39, par.19b.

56 MR 1-2 (1938), par. 5b (4)

57 MR 1-2, 1 May 39, par.11b; par. 11c (4). The 15 July 1939 version changed "may" to "will" for these officer requirements. (Par. 10e.)

58 MR 1-2, 15 Jul 39, par. 10e.

59 MR 1-2 (1938 and May 39 versions), par. 11d, and 15 Jul 39 version, par. 13b.

60 MR 1-4, 17 Oct 38, par. 1b.

61 MR 1-2 (1938) , par. 11e; 15 Jul 39, par. 19c.

62 MR 1-1 (1938) , par. ga (5) (c).

63 Appendix D, Percentages of Negro Manpower, to Ltr, TAG to Chiefs Arms, Svs, and Bureaus; Army, Corps Area Comdrs; CG GHQ AF; Superintendent USMA; Comdts Gen Sv Schools; CG's PofE's; CG's Gen Depots, 3 May 39, AG 381 (3-3-39) (Mist) A-M.

64 G-3/6541-Gen-151, 26 Mar 27, approved 16 Apr 27.

65 Additional Memo, G-1 for CofS, 8 Feb 38, G-1/14615.

66 War Department overhead and corps area service commands were maintaining g percent Negro personnel in plans submitted to G-1 for action. Memo, G-3 for CofS, 3 Jun 40, G-3/6541-Gen-527. Replacement centers on M plus go were to have 4.4 percent Negroes. An. 2, WD PMP 1940.

67 Memo, G-3 for Cofs, 3 Jun 40, G-3/6541-Gen-527.

68 Memo for Chairman of Com 3, 12 Nov 36, prepared by Subcom 2, in Rpt of Com 3, Course at AWC, 1936-37, Preparation for War Period, Part I, G-1 Subcourse, AWC 1-1937-3. This statement expresses in summary form most of the attitudes and assumptions of earlier War College and other school studies. For fullness, compare with Guy B. Johnson, "The Stereotype of the American Negro," Characteristics of the American Negro, Otto Klineberg, ed. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), PP- 3-4.

69 Of the World War I intelligence tests, no competent, full-scale critical analysis on the basis of later developments in testing has been made. One of the earliest critical statements was made in 1927:
"It is necessary to avoid the confusion likely to result from the familiar quibble over terms. By intelligence we may understand the ability to perform problems that reflect an understanding of a familiar environment. But this is not the sort of thing the Army examiners undertook to measure. The Army Memoir defined intelligence as the thing measured by the tests . . . . `by "intelligence" we mean the ability that manifests itself quantitatively in a set of consistent scores in all the types of examination upon which our data are based.' Defined in this manner, the tests, or any other conceivable tests that anyone may wish to set up, are an irrefragable, indisputable, and perfect measure of intelligence." Edward B. Reuter, The American Race Problem (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1927), P- 89n. The confusion of terms continued throughout the discussion of World War I tests and persisted through World War II, where the general classification test was almost universally considered an intelligence test. See Otto Klineberg, "Racial Psychology," in Ralph Linton, ed., The Science of Man in the World Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945).

70 Klineberg, "Racial Psychology."

71 Memo, G-3 for Cofs, 3 Jun 40. G-3/6541-Gen-527.

72 Memo, WPD for G-3, 29 Jun 40, Tab H to G-3/6541-527.

73 Memo, G-1 for G-3, 20 Jun 40, G-1/146515.

74 Memo, CofAC fot G-3, 31 May 40, Tab E to G-3/6541-Gen-527.

75 Meno, OCSigO for G-3, 28 May 40, OCSigO-320.2-Gen.

76 Memo, G-1 for Public Relations Bureau G-2, 11 Oct 39, G-1/15640-11.

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