- 1 Memo, USW for SW, 16 Jan 42, ASW 291.2 (Race, Negro); Memo, USW for Judge Hastie, 17 Feb 42, ASW 291.2 (Race, Negro, Misc) ; Memo, DCofS for USW, 13 Feb 42, WDCSA 322.97
(1121-42).
2 MR 1-2, par. 13 b, 15 Jul 39, reaffirmed in 1943 in Memo, Hq AGF for G-1, 7 Apr 43, AGF 352/72 and D/F, G-1, 8 Apr 43, WDGAP 322.99.
3 Memo, OQMG for G-3, 3 Feb 42, QM 352 P-MT (OCS).
4 Memo, OCofE for G-3, 29 Jan 42, CE 320-2TO.
5 Memo, OCofInf for G-3, 28 Jan 42, CI 210.31/ 9879
6 Memo, OGofFA for G-3, 27 Jan 42, FA 210.31 A-137.
7 Memo, OCofCA for G-3, 27 Jan 42, AG 210.31 (2-14-42) (3).
8 Memo, SG for G-3, 30 Jan 42, Ind to Memo, G-3 for TAG, 18 Mar 42, AG 210.31 (2-14-42) (3).
9 Memo, OCofOrd for G-3, 27 Jan 42, CofOrd
10 Memo, OCSigO for G-3, 27 Jan 42, OCSigO 210.31 Gen.
11 Memo, OGofC for G-3, 27 Jan 42, Ind to Memo, G-3 for TAG, 1 8 Mar 42, AG 210.31
(2-14-42) (3)
12 Memo, PMG for G-3, a Feb 42, PMG 210.31
13 Memo, G-3 for CofS, 14 Feb 42, approved Mar 42, AG 210.31 (2-14-42) (3) (5) .
14 Ltrs, TAG to CG's, Chiefs Supply and Admin Svs, 24 Feb 42, 19 Apr 42, AG 350 (2-21-42) , AG
352 (4-13-42).
15 Ltr, SW to Archibald MacLeish, Office of Facts anf Figures, 27 WDCSA 291.21 (4-3-42)
16 Ltr, TAG SOS to CG's Corps Areas, 2 Jun 42, SPX 352 (5-21-42) OB-SPGA.
17 Memo, G-1 for CG AAF, 22 Jun 42, WDGAP 322.9, 9-1291.2 (Alpha).
18 G-3/6457-444 file.
19 Memo, G-3 for CofS, 9 Mar 42, approved 12 Mar 42, AG 210.31 (2-14-42) .
20 Ltr, TAG to CG's AAF and SOS and TQMG, 27 Jul 42, AG 210.31 (7-21-42) MS-SPGA.
21 D/F, MPD SOS to G-1, 6 Oct 42, SPGA O/ 210.3 Ord (10-2-40-14, AG 210.31 (10-2-42)
(2-14-42) (3).
22 Ltr, Hq AAC to CG AGF, 23 Jul 42, AG 210.31 (7-23-42) (2-14-42) (3).
23 Ltr, OCofE to CG SOS (Dir MPD), 3 Aug 42, CE SPEAM 210.3 (Engrs, Corps of), AGF 210.31 (8-3-42) , AG 210.31 (8-3-42) (2-14-42) (3) ; Ltr, TAG to CG's, CO's PofE's, Chief Armd Force, Chiefs Supply Svs SOS, 8 Sep 42, sub: Assgmt of Negro Offs to Engr Units, AG 210.31 (8-3-42)
MO-SPGAO-M.
24 Memo, Hq AGF for CofS, 12 Sep 42, AGF 322.999/16 (Cld Trps) ; 1st Ind, Hq ACT to CG R&SC, 17 Sep 42, AGF 210.31 GN GAP-A (9-1042) .
25 Ltr, Hq AGF to G-1, 29 Oct 42, AGF 210.31/ 392; Ltr, TAG to CG AGF, 2
Nov 42, AG 210.31 (10-29-42) OB-S-A.
26 Ltr, Hq Puerto Rican Dept to TAG, 25 Apr 42, 210.31-Gen, AG 210.31 (4-25-42) (2-14-42) (3) . The race of this unit was administratively determined, as men and officers were never clearly differentiated in Puerto Rican units by continental racial standards.
27 Ltrs, Hq AGF to CG R&SC, 29 Apr 42, and to CG AAC, 29 Apr 42, both in AGF 210.31/88; Memo, OCofInf for G-3, 28 Jan 42, CI 210.31/9879.
28 Memo, Chief of Off Br for Brig Gen White (ACofS G-1), 31 Dec 42, Tab A to Memo,
G-1 for TAG, 4 Jan 43, AG 210.31 (1-4-43) (1) .
29 Ltr, TAG to All CG's, CinC SWPA, CinC Armd Force, CO's Base Comds.10 Jan AR. AG 210.31 (1-4-43) B-S-A-M.
30 M/S, ACT G-1 to CG AGF, 12 Oct 42, in papers attached to Memo, Hq AGF for
G-1, 20 Oct 42, AGF 322.999/26. At peak officer strength, in August 1945, there were 7,768 Negro male
officers, nurses, dieticians, physical therapists, warrant officers, flight officers, and WAC officers in the Army and 687,496 Negro enlisted men and women. Of these, 6,140 were male commissioned officers. Strength of the Army.
1 Jan 46, STM-30. See Table 12.
31 Ltr, Hq Fourth Sv Comd to TAG, 6 May 42, 4th SC 210.31-Gen (DF) (5-6-42) (3) . When Judge Hastie complained earlier that these "makeshift arrangements" were all too prevalent, the Chief of Chaplains and The Inspector General were of the opinion that conditions could not be too bad, since only one chaplain had complained. Since assignment to quarters and thr provision of messing facilities was a responsibility of local commanding officers and since Negro chaplains themselves had not complained, both officers recommended that the War Department make no inquiries and take no action. Memo, Civ Aide to SW for TAG, 6 Sep 41, and 6 Inds, AG 291.21 (9-6-41) (2).
32 Ltr, NWSC to TAG, 11 Jan 43, AG 210.31 (1-11-43) (1 Jan 43) (1) .
33 Ltr, Hq SLFS WDC to CG WDC and Fourth Army, 20 Sep 42, and Inds, 210.31, AG 210.31 (214-42) (3) . General Brown was also commanding general of the 4th Cavalry Brigade; most of his ground units in the Southern Frontier Land Sector contained Negro enlisted personnel.
34 Memo, OPMG for MPD SOS, 23 Oct 42, SPAA 370093; Ltr, TAG to TPMG, 18 Nov 42, AG 210.31
(9-20-42) PO-A, AG 210.31 (2-14-42) (3) .
35 Rpt of G-3, Min Gen Council, 4 May 42, p. 6; D/F, G-3 for Hq AGF, and Memo, Hq AGF for G-3, 5 May 42, both in AGF 210.31/102; Memo for Record,
19 Mar 43, and M/S, Hq AGF, 19-20 Mar 43, both in AGF 322.999/354 (Cld Trps).
36 Memo, SGO Plng Sub-Div for Gen Love, 2 May 41, SGO 291.2 (Negro Pets) 1941; Ltr, Maj Gen Fred W. Miller to Gen McNair, 8 Apr 43, AGF 322/1 (93d Div).
37 M/S. Hq AGF Plans to DCofS. 20 Aug 42. AGF 319.1/112
38 tst Ind, Hq Second Army, to CG AGF, 9 Dec 42; M/S, CG AGF to AGF G-3, 29 Dec 42. Both in AGF
333.1/51.
39 Rad, Hq Second Army to CG AGF, 15 Feb 43, AGF Radio File-IN 396; Ltr, Hq AGF to CG Second Army, 17 Feb 43, AG 210.31/2 (TD)
40 Ltr, CG Second Army to CG AGF, 13 Apr 43, and MR attached, AGF 210.31/500.
41 Ltr, Hq AAA Comd to CG AGF, 4 Jun 43, AGF 210.31/521.
42 M/S, Off Div G-1 to G-3, 8 Jun 43, AGF 210.31/521
43 Ltr, OCofCWS to CG CDC, 4 Feb 43, and 3 Inds; D/F, G-1 to TAG, 23 Feb 43. All in AG
210.31 (1-4-43) (1)
44 Ltr, Hq 828th TD Bn to CG TDC, Cp Hood, 13 Sep 43, AGF 210.31/571.
45 Ltr, Hq Tuskegee Army Air Fld to CG AAFSETC, Maxwell Eld, Ala., 27 May 43, and 2 Inds.AAF 210.31 Signal Corps.
46 Ltr, Hq AGF to CG AAF, 20 Jan 43; ist Ind, Hq AAF to CG AGF, 9 Jul 43; 2d Ind, Hq AGF to CG AAF, 16 Jul 43. All in AGF 210.31/449.
47 Ltr, Civ Aide SW to G-t, 15 Aug 42; D/F, G-1 for CG AGF, 17 Aug 42; M/S, AGF G-1 to
CofS, 19 Aug 42; 1st Ind, AGF to G-1, 23 Aug 42. All in AGF 322.999/144.
48 Ltr, MPD SOS to JAG, 25 Jun 45, SPGAO 322.9(Gen-25 Jun 45)-41; MS, Distribution of Military Personnel, I. p. 147, in OCMH.
49 Min Gen Council, 12 Jul 43; Ltr, CG Second Army to CG ACT, 19 Feb 43, AGF 210.31/464.
50 Ltr, CG Second Army to CG AGF, 19 Feb 43, AGF 210.31/464; Ltr, Hq AGF to CG's Armies, IX,
XIII, XV Corps, II Armd Corps, AB Comd, Amph TC, AA Comd, DTC, MTC, R&SC, TDC, Chief Armd Force, 24 Feb 43, AGF 210.31/467.
51 Ltr, OQMG to CG SOS, 13 Aug 42, and Memo, Dir Mil Pers SOS for CG AGF,
19 Aug 42, both in SPGAO/210.3 (8-13-42) ; D/S, G-1, 21 Aug 42, WDGAP 322.99; D/S, G-3, n.d., WDGCT 291.21
(8-13-42) ; 1st Ind, TAG to TQMG, 5 Sep 42, AG 210.31 (8-13-42) OA.
52 Ltr, Hq ACT to Hq FA RTC, Ft. Sill, Okla., 24 Feb 43, ACT 210.31 GNRSP; Ltr, OTSG SOS to Dir Trig SOS,10 Mar 43, AG 210.31 (4 Jan 43)
(1) ; Ltr, R&SC to Hq ACT, 17 Nov 43, AGF 210.3 1/449.
53 Ltr, Hq ERTC, Ft. Leonard Wood, Mo., 13 Jul 43, and 1st Ind, Hq Seventh Sv Comd to CofE, 27 Jul 43, OCofE 291.2. See also Ltr, Hq FA RTC, Ft. Sill, Okla., to CG AGF, 15 Jun 43, ACT 210.31/529.
54 Ltr, CG 93d Inf Div to CG ACT, 11 Aug 42, and 2 Inds, ACT 210.31/1 (93d Inf Div). Some of these officers were intended to serve as cadre for the 92d Division.
55 M/S, AGF Inf Br G-1 Sec to Off Div ACT, 28 Sep 43, ACT 210.31/576
(1943)
56 Ltr, OQMG to CG SOS, 26 Jun 42, SPQPO 210.31.
57 Ltr, TIG to CG R&SC, 22 Jul 43, and 14 Inds, dated to 5 Dec 43, AGF 210.31/545.
58 Memo, Gen Davis for TIG, 7 Aug 43, AGF 210.31/449, AG 210.31 (4 Jan 43) (1)
59 Ltr, Maj Gen F. W. Miller to Lt Gen L. J. McNair, 8 Apr 43, AGF 322/1 (93d Div).
60 Memo, Tug Inspector for Dir Mil Tug ASF, n.d., but inspection of 4-8 Jun 44, ASw 291.2 Cp Shelby.
61 Ibid
62 Hall, "Race Prejudice and Negro-White Relations in the Army," The American Journal of Sociology, LII (March, 1947) ; Memo, Tng
Inspector for Dir Mil Tug ASF, n.d., but inspection Jun 44, ASW 291.2 Negro Troops; Ltr, CO Station Hospital, Cp Livingston, La., to TAG, 9 Jun 41, Tab D to Memo, G-1 for COPS, 4 Aug 41, Gl/ 15640-54; 2d Ind, CO Station Hospital, Cp
Livingston, La., 13 May 41, to TAG Ltr, 1 May 41, AG 210.31 ORC (4-29-41) R-A.
63 1st Ind, Hq 364th Inf to TAG, 25 Apr 44, OPD 322.97/40.
64 Hist tooth Ord Bn (Ammo), 4 May 1942-9 May 1945
65 Ltr, Hq Ft. Bragg, N.C., to CG Fourth Corps Area, 4 Apr 42, app. 4th Ind, Hq AGF, 22 Apr 42, AGF
600.12/470.
66 Ltr, Second Army to Hq AGF, 6 Jan 43, and Memo, Hq ACT to Dir Mil Pets SOS, 8 Jan 43,
both in AGF 210.31 GNGAP-B (1-6-49) .
67 Ltr, Hq Sec I, 2138 AAF Base Unit (8 Negro officers) to TIG, 30 May 44, AAF 250.1 Morals and Conduct, #3; Ltr, Off, Hq 2d Bn 364th Inf, 4 Apr 44, OPD 322.97/140.
68 Memo, Civ Aide to SW for TAG, 6 Sep 41, and 6 Inds, AG 291.21 (9-6-41) (2) ; Memo, TIC, for Chief of Special Inspection Div OTIG, AG 291.2 (8 Mar 43) (1).
69 Memo, G-1 for Judge Hastie, 15 Sep 41, AG 291.21 (9-15-41) (1) .
70 Memo, Gen Davis for TIG, 7 Aug 43, AGE 210.31/449
71 Hist tooth Ord Bn (Ammo) 4 May 42-9 May 45; AGE M/S, Ground G-1 to Sec, 31 Jul 43, AGE 322/2 (92d Inf Div) ; 1st Ind, Hq 364th Inf to TAG, 25 Apr 44, to Ltr from Off, Hq CO 2d Bn 364th Inf, APO 980, 4 Apr 44, and statement of
to CO 364th Inf , 21 Apr 44, OPD 322.97/40.
72 Memo, TIG for CofS, 6 Aug 42, AG 333.1 Ft. Huachuca (8-6-42) (1) . See below, ch. XII.
73 Memo cited n. 72.
74 "Ad Equum Rescribere" ["The Training of Negro Combat Units by the First Air Force"], Hq Air Defense Comd, Mitchel Field, N.Y., History of the First Air Force, Monograph III, May 46, Air Hist GP, 420.04; Hist 477th Bombardment Gp (Med) , all installments and versions, AF Archives;
Papers in ASW 291.2 NTC and ASW 291.2 Alpha.
75 3d Ind, 28 Apr 44, to Ltr, Hq CO 2d Bn 364th Inf, APO 980, Lt Gen S. B. Buckner, Jr., to
TAG, OPD 322.97/40. See also 3d Ind, Hq 25th Inf (Col E. M. Yon) to CG 93d Div, 22 Jul 44, on basic Ltr, Hq 28th Rpl Bn and Assignment Sec to CG 93d Div, 12 Jun 44, 93d Div Files
210.1 Reclassification and 210.31 Assignments.
76 Lt Col James L. Lewis, 93d Engr, Notes on Service with the 93d Engineer Regiment (GS) in Extreme Cold and Wet Climates, Engr School 8715.
77 Ltr, Hq 758th Tk Bn, Cp Hood, Tex., to CG AGF, 30 Mar 43, AGF 210.31/84 (Chaps).
78 Ltr, Hq 16th Detachment Special Trps, Second Army, Cp Tyson to CG Second Army,
19 Nov 43, AGF 210.31/84 (Chaps).
79 In the 20 February 1941 AR 60-9 the chaplain was specifically exempted from detail to these duties. Post exchange duties, courts-martial, defense counsel duties, and the proscriptions of the Geneva conventions only had been listed as outside the chaplain's duties in the 1937 version of this regulation.
80 Dropped from the November 1941 revision of AR 60-5
81 Rpt of Investigation of Conditions at Ft. Clark, Texas, conducted by Lt Col Lamar Tooze, IGD, Asst IG Hq Third Army, 23-28 Jul 43, 2d Cav Div 333, filed with 9th Armd Div Files.
82 On Monday, the missing "dead" men were presented to the assembled battalion by the chaplain and battalion commander. Cleveland Call and Post, .August
1, 1942; Ltr, CofCh to Dean William Stuart Nelson, Howard University, 18 Jan 44, SPCHI 211 NC.
83 Morris N. Kertzer, With an H on My Dog Tag (New York: Behrman House, 1947) , p.
11.
84 Ltr, OCofCh to Inez M. Cavert, Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America,
10 Jun 40, CofCh 211 Negro Chaps.
85 The 1916 census was used. The 1936 census, publishe in1939, was substituted in May 1945.
86 Ltr, Hq AA Comd to CG ACT, 26 Jun ,13, and 1st Ind, Hq ACT to CG AA Comd, 12 Aug 43, ACT
210.31/1 (Chaps).
87 Ltr, OCofCh to Schools and Colleges, 30 Dec 40, OCofCh 211 Negro Chaps.
88 Ltrs, CofCh to Bishop R. R. Wright, Jr., and others, 23 Jan 43, SPCHP
210.8 (1-23-43). The Central jurisdiction embraced most of the Negro membership of the predominantly white united Methodist Church. The other church bodies with specific quotas were independent Negro denominations
89 Ltr, Pers Off CofCh to Port Chaplain, Hampton Roads PofE, 14 Dec 42, and Ltr, OCofCh to Chaplain Edgar F. Siegfriedt, Cp Claiborne, La.,
10 Mar 43, both in OCofCh 21 1 Negro Chaps; Ltr, Pers Off CofCh (Chaplain John F. Monahan) for Corps Chaplain XVIII Corps, 15 Feb 44, SPCHP 210.4 XVIII Corps
(10 Feb 44).
90 See corresp in OCofCh 080 SPCHS CongChristian, 21 Sep 42, 28 Sep 42, 3 Oct 42.
91 MS, OCofCh, Hist of Mil Tng, Supplement, pp. 7-8, in OCMH.
92 ASF Interim Rpt to ASF Staff Divs and ASW, 26 Aug 44, SPINT R-575.
93 See, for example: Memo, G-3 for G-t, 10 Sep 41, G-3/42659, and G-1 Memo for Record, 22 Sep 41, G-1/15640-114; Tcl Conv, R&SC with OCofCh, 26 Jul 43, OCofCh 211 NC, I; Statement for Record and Memo, both 29 Dec 42, Chaplains Rpts, and 333 Investigation, gad Div Files; Memo, TIG for Chief Special Inspection Div OTIG, AG 291.21 (8 Mar 43) (1).
94 Ltrs, CofCh to Representatives, National Baptist Convention USA, 30 Jul 43, SPCHC
080 Nat Bapt USA (23 Jul 43) ; Ltr, OCofCh to Chaplain Albert Percy Smith, 97th Engr Bn, 17 Sep 43, OCofCh 211 Negro Chaps; Ltr, OCofCh to Reverend Willard M. Wickizer, Ex-Secy Com on War Svs, Indianapolis, Ind., 21 Jul 43, SPCHP 080 Disciples of Christ (21 Jul 43).
95 CofCh 080, National Baptist USA, vol. 1.
96 The manifesto was reprinted in full in Congressional Record, September 14, 1944, p. A 4255
97 Ltrs, CofCh to Representatives National Baptist Convention 1NA. en Till ,f3 SPCHC
080 National
Baptist USA (23 Jul 43).
98 Strength of the Army, 6 Oct 44, 6 Sep 45, STM-30.
99 The quota for all chaplains was 8,500; 7,584 were on duty on this date. In this tabulation Negro chaplains of the Central Jurisdiction of the Methodist Church as well as Negro chaplains of other primarily white denominations were included in the figures for their parent churches. On 31 October 1945 the total number of Negro chaplains, including those of primarily white denominations, was tot. Statistics compiled from MS history, CofCh, Military History of the Second World War: The Corps of Chaplains, pp.
21-22, in OCMH and Strength of the Army, 14 Dec 45, STM-30.
100 Memo, WD for TIG, 13 Oct 43, AGF 210.31/ 592.
101 Memo, Col Leonard for ASW, 3 Oct 44, ASW 291.2; McNair-Miller Corresp, extracts in AGF 322/1 (93d Div) ; papers in AG 291.2 (23 May 42) , Participation of Negro Trps in Post-War Mil Establishment.
102 Memo, WD for TIG, 13 Oct 43, AGF 210.31/ 592.
103 Memo, Hq 93d Inf Div for CG CAMA, n.d., Incl to Ltr, CG IV Corps to
G-1 AGF, AGF 210.31/ 592.
104 Ltr, Hq AGF to CG's Armies, Corps, Comds, CAMA, TDC, 31 Dec 43, AGF 210.31/592
(31 Dec 43) GNGAP.
105 Ibid.
106 AG and SF Redistribution "Sound-Off" Reports Files, TID (I&E) Div; Ltr, CG USAFIL to TAG, 18 Oct 43, OPD 320.2 Liberia, sec.
1; Ltrs in 92d Div 210.3 Transfer of Officers.
107 Unless otherwise indicated, the information and specific examples in this and succeeding
paragraphs of this section were derived from unit files which are unidentified in order to preserve the anonymity of the individuals concerned.
108 R&RS, The Air Inspector to Secy Air Staff,1 Nov 43, AAF 250.1,
binder 9.
109 R&RS and drafts of reprimands, AAF 250.1 Misc.
110 Pers Ltr, Lt Col Marcus H. Ray, booth FA Bn, APO 92, to Truman K. Gibson, 14 May 45, copy in OPD 322.97
III.