Endnotes for Chapter II

1 The 1920 organization was established by WD General Orders 50 and 75, 1920; for the corps areas and departments, see Army Regulations 170-10, 1 May 1924, and its various changes and revisions; for the coast artillery districts, AR 90-30, 26 June 1935; see also the manuscript prepared by the Control Division, Army Service Forces, History of Service Commands, Army Service Forces, pp. 10-19. All unpublished historical manuscripts, unless otherwise indicated, are in OCMH files.

2 AR 160-10, 3 July 1934, states the responsibilities of the army commanders in much more restricted terms than had the directives of the Chief of Staff issued on 9 August and 22 October 1932. On the modification of the original plan, see particularly Memo, CG Fourth Army for TAG, 7 Mar 33. Papers referred to are in AG 320.2 (8-6-32).

3 Memo, Maj Stephen H. Sherrill for Lt Col Robert W. Crawford, WPD, 1 Nov 39, WPD 3640-3.

4 The plan for using federal troops to quell domestic uprisings.

5 Memo, WPD for TAG, 26 Feb 40, WPD 2917-25.

6 Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., "The Army Air Forces in World War II," vol. I, Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 to August 1942 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948) (hereafter cited as Craven and Cate, eds., Plans and Early Operations), PP. 31ff.

7 WPD Interoffice Memos, 30 Oct and 1 Nov 39, WPD 3640-3; Memo, WPD for COfs, 31 Jul 40, AG 660.2 AA (1-1-40), sec. 1.

8 Ltr, TAG to CG'S, 26 Feb 40, AG 320.2 (11-24-39).

9 FM 100-10, 9 Dec 40, pp. 5-12.

10 Joint Action, ch. V.

11 Ltr, TAG to CG'S, 26 Jul 40, AG 320.2 (7-25-40).

12 Ltrs, TAG to CG's, 3 and 7 Oct 40, and other papers, AG 320.2 (8-2-40) (4), sec. 2.

13 Ltr, TAG to CG's, 19 Nov 40, and other papers, AG 320.2 (11-27-40) ; Craven and Cate, eds., Plans and Early Operations, chs. 4 and 5; Kent Roberts Greenfield, Robert R. Palmer, and Bell I. Wiley, The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1947), "Origins of the Army Ground Forces: General Headquarters, United States Army, 1940-42," chs. I, VIII, IX, X; Ray S. Cline, Washington Command Post: The Operations Division, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1951) (hereafter cited as Cline, The Operations Division), chs. I, IV; Mark Skinner Watson, Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1950) (hereafter cited as Watson, Prewar Plans and Preparations), ch. IX. The cited portions of these other volumes in this series deal with organizational changes in the 1940-41 period, and they have been drawn upon for this and succeeding paragraphs in this chapter.

14 Ltr, TAG to CG's, 13 Dec 40, AG 320.2 (12-5-40).

15 Memo (not used), CofS GHQ for Gen Marshall, 21 Oct 40; Memo, CofS GHQ for DCofS Maj Gen William Bryden, 7 Dec 40. Both in GHQ 320.2/78. Memo, CofS GHQ for WPD, 14 Dec 40, GHQ 381 (S), binder I.

16 Memo, Brig Gen Francis B. Wilby, CofS First Army, for Col Anderson, WPD, 30 Nov 40, no sub; Memo for File (recording conversation with Gen McNair), Col Anderson, WPD, 5 Dec 40; Memo, ACofS wPD for CofS 14 Dec 40, sub; Def Plans-Cont U.S.; OCS Brief of WPD Memo, 16 Jan 41 All in OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S., Bulky Package 37.

17 Memo, ACofS G-3 for CofS, 17 Nov 40, AG 320.2 (11-27-40) ; Pers Ltr, Lt Gen Delos C. Emmons, CG GHQ Air Force, to Gen Marshall, 23 Dec 40; Ltr, Marshall to Emmons, 31 Dec. 40. Last two in WPD 4247-8. Memo, ACofS G-3 for WPD, 6 Jan 41; Memo, CofS for Gen Bryden, 15 Jan 41. Last two in OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S., Bulky Package 37. Memo, Col Harrison, WPD, for ACofS WPD, 24 Jan 41, WPD 4247-8.

18 Memo, Gen Arnold (as DCofS for Air) for Gen Bryden, 6 Feb 41, OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S., Bulky Package 37. General Arnold stated the arguments in favor of Air control of air defense in three lengthy memorandums: two (27 Jan 1941 for General Bryden and 21 Feb 1941 for General Marshall) in his capacity of Deputy Chief of Staff, in file cited above; the third (3 Feb 1941 for General Marshall) in his capacity of Chief of the Air Corps, filed in AG 320.2 (11-24-39).

19 Memo, Gen Chaney for Gen Marshall, 15 Feb 41; Pers Ltr, Gen Chaney to Gen Marshall, 17 Feb 41. Both in OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S., Bulky Package 37.

20 General Marshall's genuine puzzlement over the best solution to this problem is reflected in his remarks at conferences in his office on 14, 16, and 19 Feb 1941, and at the War Department General Council meeting on 19 Feb 1941. His decision was announced in Memo, DCofS Bryden for WPD, 28 Feb 41, WPD 4247-9; and elaborated in Memo for Rcd, Col Anderson, WPD, 3 Mar 41, OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S., Bulky Package 37.

21 Ltr, TAG to CG's, 17 Mar 41, AG 320.2 (11-27-40).

22 Ltr, TAG to CG's, 25 Mar 41, AG 320.2 (11-27-40).

23 Remarks of Colonel Anderson at Conf in office of DCofS Bryden, 14 Mar 41, OCS Conf, binder II. For a graphic presentation of the new organization, see Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, Organization of Ground Combat Troops, charts 4 and 5, pp. 118, 120-21.

24 Watson, Prewar Plans and Preparations, pp. 291-92.

25 Stimson Diary, entry of 24 Apr 41.

26 In commenting on the Operation and Concentration Plan, RAINBOW 5, distributed for comment by the War Plans Division in early July, G-3 noted that in paragraphs 32-34 of the plan the defense commanders were assigned the mission of defense against air attack, whereas paragraph 40 charged the Chief of the Army Air Forces with responsibility for active air defense measures. Memo, G-3 for WPD, 14 Jul 41, WPD 4175-18.

27 WPD Memo for File, 30 Jun 41, WPD 4247-18.

28 Memo, DCofS for Air for CofS GHQ, 18 Aug 41, quoted in Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, Organization of Ground Combat Troops, p. 135.

29 Memo, WPD for CofS, 14 Jun 41, WPD 3774-20.

30 WPD Office Memo and Note for Rcd, both dated 17 June 41, WPD 3209-11; Memo, WPD for COB, 19 Jun 41, WPD 3209-10; Ltr, TAG to CofS GHQ, 3 Jul 41, AG 320.2 (6-19-41).

31 1st Ind, TAG to CG WDC, 11 Oct 41, on Ltr, WDC to TAG, 10 Sep 41, AG 381 (9-10-41); Memo, WPD for COB, 23 Sep 41, revised and approved as a WD directive, 22 Oct 41, WPD 4175-18.

32 On the last point, see papers in WPD 4247-21.

33 See below, ch. XV, pp. 395-96.

34 Memo, WPD for CofS, 1 Aug 41, Ltr, TAG to CG's 6 Dec 41, and other papers, WPD 4247-9.

35 Notes on Conf in OCS, 11 Dec 41, OCS Conf, binder 2; Rad, CG FF to CG Fourth Army, 11 Dec 41; Rad, Gen DeWitt to TAG, 12 Dec 41. Last two in AG 320.2 (12-11-41).

36 Rad, Gen Drum to CofS, 12 Dec 41, WPD 4622-43.

37 Tactical limitations on General DeWitt's authority were spelled out in Ltr, TAG to CG WDC, 11 Dec 41, WPD 4612-1. Nontactical (G-4 matters), in Ltr, TAG to CG WDC, 13 Dec 41, OCS 14943-78. In Practice General DeWitt's command was usually referred to as the Western Defense Command rather than the Western Theater of Operations.

38 Rad, Gen Drum to CofS, 12 Dec 41, WPD 4622-43; Pers Ltr, Gen Drum to Gen Marshall, 12 Dec 41, WPD 4247-23; Memo, WPD for COB, 30 Dec 41; Jt Ltr, CofS and CNO to Comdrs and CG's, 31 Dec 41. Last two in WPD 4621-1.

39 Proposed action papers for and against General Drum's proposal, Dec 41, WPD 4247-23.

40 Ltr, TAG to CG's, 20 Dec 41, AG 371 (12-19-41); Memo, WPD for TAG, 25 Dec 41, WPD 4627-1.

41 On 28 December General Marshall explained to President Roosevelt "that when the western Defense Command had been set up and placed under GHQ, there had been a tendency on the part of GHQ to move everything on the east coast to the western theater, and this condition had been remedied by setting up the Eastern Defense Command, which tended to balance this tendency on the part of GHQ." Notes on white House Conf, 28 Dec 41, WDCSA 334 Mtgs and Confs (1-28-42). Actually, War Department agencies rather than GHQ appear to have initiated most of the troop moves to the west coast after Pearl Harbor, and GHQ took the lead in urging a reduction in west coast strength. See Memo, CofS GHQ for CG FF, 23 Dec 41, WPD 4612-5.

42 Rpt of Air Officer, GHQ, 6 Dec 41, GHQ 337 Staff Confs, binder 2 ; Ltr, TAG to CG's, 30 Dec 41, AG 320.2 (12-30-41) ; Memo, AAF for TAG, 8 Jan 42, copy in OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S./2; Memo, WPD for CofS, 15 Jan 42, and atchd WPD comment on AAF nonconcurrence, WPD 4627-2; Memo, LSK [Maj Lawrence S. Kuter] for SGS, 24 Jan 42, OCS 16125-591.

43 Rpt at GHQ Staff Confs, 19 and 20 Dec 41, GHQ 337 Staff Confs, binder 2; Memo, G-3 GHQ for CofS GHQ, 31 Dec 41; Memo, CofS GHQ for CG FF, 6 Jan 42. Last two in GHQ 320.2 Study on Organization of Eastern and Western Theaters.

44 Various papers, 27 Dec 41-10 Jan 42, GHQ 320.2 Study on Organization of Eastern and Western Theaters.

45 Memo, WPD for CofS, 15 Jan 42, WPD 4627-2.

46 Memo, Gen Marshall for Gen Clark, 18 Jan 42, OCS 21354-5 ; two Memos of Lt Col Bryan L. Milburn, G-3 GHQ, n.d., but about 19 Jan 42, GHQ 320.2 Study on Organization of Eastern and Western Theaters; Memo, Gen Clark for SGS, 29 Jan 42, and other papers, OCS 18417-33; Memo, Gen Clark for Gen Marshall, 27 Jan 42; Draft Memo, CG FF for TAG, 29 Jan 42. Last two in OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S./2.

47 Pers Ltr, Gen DeWitt to Gen Marshal, 22 Jan 42, OCS 18417-33.

48 Memo, PMG for DCofS Bryden, 2 Feb 42 ; Memo, G-1 for DCofS Bryden, 1 Feb 42; Memo, G-3 for Gen Bryden, 2 Feb 42. All in OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S./2. Memo (not used), WPD for CofS, n.d., WPD 4627-2. The mounting suspicion of the west coast population of Japanese descent appears to have been an important factor in these objections. See ch. V, below.

49 Memo, Gen McNair for Lt Gen Joseph T. McNarney, 6 Feb 42, GHQ 320.2 Army and Corps, binder 11; Memo for WPD, unsigned and undated, but personally corrected and O.K.'d by Gen Marshall, OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S./2.

50 WD Cir 59, 2 Mar 42. For more detailed accounts of the March 1942 reorganization, see Greenfield, Palmer, and Wiley, Organization of Ground Combat Troops, pp. 148-53; and Cline, The Operations Division, pp. 90-95.

51 Memo, CofS GHQ for CG FF, 2 Mar 42, OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S./3.

52 War Department directives issued shortly thereafter, on 31 Mar and 19 Apr 1942, reduced the Eastern Defense Command to the dimensions indicated on Map 3.

53 Ltrs, TAG to CG's, 18 Mar and 2 Apr 42, AG 381 (3-2-42).

54 Ltrs, TAG to CG's, 22 Apr and 4 May 42, AG 381 (3-2-42). Remarks of Gen Marshall at War Council Mtg, 27 Apr 42, SW Conf, binder 2. The War Department took this action under authority of Executive Order 9066, 19 February 1942, issued then to facilitate the evacuation of the Japanese from the west coast. See ch. V, below.

55 Memo, CG AAF for CofS (Attn: OPD), n.d. but received in OPD 15 Jun 42, OPD 381/71; Ltr, TAG to CG's, 25 Jun 42, AG 381 ( 3-2-42 ) .

56 1st Ind, CG AGF to TAG, 6 Jul 42, on TAG Ltr, 25 Jun 42, OPD 381/71.

57 Memo, ACofS OPD for CG AAF (Through: DCofS), 1 Aug 42, WDCSA 381 Nat Def.

58 1st Ind, Hq EDC and First Army to CofS WD, 30 Jun 42, on TAG Ltr, 25 Jun 42, OPD 381/71.

59 1st Ind, Hq WDC and Fourth Army to TAG WD, 1 Jul 42, on TAG Ltr, 25 Jun 42, AG 381 (3-2-42).

60 Memo, CofAAF for CofS, n.d. but between 7 and 13 Dec 41, OPD Exec 8, bk. 2; Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 13 Dec 41, OCS 21278-7, commenting on this proposal.

61 Min, War Council Mtg, 26 Jan 42, SW Conf, binder 2; Memo, Gen Clark, DCofS GHQ, for Gen Marshall, 27 Jan 42, OPD 320 Def of Cont U.S./2.

62 Memo, Adm King for U.S. CsofS, 5 Feb 42; Memo, CofS for Adm King, 11 Feb 42. Both in WPD 2917-44.

63 Memo, ACofS WPD for Gen Arnold, 16 Feb 42, WPD 2917-4G; Remarks of Gen Marshall at War Council Mtgs, zG Feb and 23 Mar 42, SW Conf, binder z; Memo, Adm King for Gen Marshall, z9 Mar 42; Jt Dispatch, CofS and CinC to CG'S, 25 Mar 42. Last two in OPD 384 (4-3-42).

64 Jt Dispatch, CofS and CinC to CG's, 18 Apr 42; Ltr, TAG to CG's, 11 May 42. Both in OPD 384 (4-3-42).

65 Hq EDC and First Army, GO 15, 9 Sep 43; Hq WDC and Fourth Army, GO 87, 14 Sep 43: Memo, CG AAF for CofS (Through: OPD), 10 Aug 43; Memo, ACofS OPD for CofS, 5 Sep 43. All in AG 381 (3-2-42).


page created 30 May 2002


Return to the Table of Contents