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Last updated 19 October 2004 |
Endnotes for Chapter VIII
1 A Military Academy graduate in the class of 1915, 2d Lt. Dwight D. Eisenhower was promoted successively to reach the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel before the end of World War I. He never got to France, holding instead a variety of zone of interior command and instructor assignments, primarily with the new tank corps combat units. He progressed through the Army school system during the 1920's, served, 1929-33, in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, and then in the Office of the Chief of Staff (General MacArthur), 1933-35. Still a major, he went to the Philippines for five years' service as assistant to General MacArthur, who had become Military Adviser, Commonwealth of the Philippine Islands. Upon returning to the United States as a lieutenant colonel in 1940, he held a series of assignments with increasingly larger troop units. His last post before Pearl Harbor was chief of staff of the Third Army, under the command of General Krueger. In this assignment he received his appointment as temporary brigadier general on 29 September 1941, at the age of fifty. In June 1942 General Eisenhower became commanding general in the European theater, and soon entered on his career as commander of American and British forces, first in North Africa and the Mediterranean, eventually in France and Germany. For General Eisenhower's own account of his work in the War Plans Division and the Operations Division, December 1941-June 1942, see his Crusade in Europe. Chs. 2-4.
2 (1) Notations by Gen D. D. Eisenhower, 16 Feb 42, Item 3, OPD Hist Unit file. (2) WPD adm memo, 16 Feb 42, sub: Jt and Combined Planning, Paper 90, Item 2A, OPD Hist Unit file.
3 (1) Memo, WPD for G-1, 3 Mar 42, sub: Dtl of Offs, OPD 210.3, 4. (2) Memo, Col Streett for Sec Chiefs, 7 Mar 42, no sub, OPD 312.11, 1. (3) Memo, CofS for Lt Gen H. H. Arnold, 20 Feb 42, no sub, WDCSA 020 (1942). General Marshall considered Colonel Streett of the caliber to qualify him to be OPD chief at some time.
4 Memo, Maj Gen Eisenhower for Col Gailey, 6 May 42, no sub, Book 5, Exec 8.
5 Stories of Colonel Gailey's effective if sometimes somewhat autocratic control of the Division were given to the author by many persons, officers and civilians, on duty in the War Department during his tenure as executive. He is credited with successfully exploiting the command post responsibility in day-to-day staff work. Inside the Division some of the men who worked with Colonel Gailey were convinced that he always insisted on the impossible in order to get the nearly impossible done. In any case the working staff in the War Department for the most part considered the OPD executive office to be dedicated to arbitrariness, disagreeableness, and unreason.
6 Memo, Hq SOS for CG SOS, etc., 24 Apr 42, sub: Conference, OPD 334.8, 2.
7 Ltr, Col Wedemeyer to Maj E. H. Baume (Opns & Plans Div, British Jt Stf Mission), 15 Jun 42, OPD 334.8, 11.
8 (1) Memo, Col Gailey for WPD and Home Offices of All Missions, 10 Mar 42, sub: Orgn of Home Offices of All Missions, Paper 84, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file. (2) Cf. WPD adm memo, 6 Mar 42, sub: Home Missions, Paper 88, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file.
9 Memo, OPD for Lt Gen Somervell, 29 Mar 42, sub: Contl of Missions, OPD 210.684, 3.
10 Memo, OPD for CofS, 15 Mar 42, sub: Redesignation of WPD, OPD 321.1, 4.
11 Min of Opening Sess, Sp Com, Reorgn of WD, 16 Feb 42, WDCSA 020 (1942). Cf. pp. 225-26.
12 Early charts, including the one here referred to, used the name "Strategic & Policy Group," but for consistency the text in this volume uses the later, more common title, "Strategy & Policy Group."
13 (1) WPD orgn chart, n.d., Paper 6, Item 2A, OPD Hist Unit file. Although
undated, the chart was unquestionably prepared on 16 or 17 February 1942 in
response to General McNarney's request. (2) For 19 February initiation of
administrative procedure based on the new organization, see WPD cover sheet, 19
Feb 42, sub: Sailings of Vessels for INDIGO, MAGNET and "X," WPD
4497-37. The sections listed on this cover sheet conform in general with the draft
chart of 16 or 17 February. (3) For official General Staff listing of OPD
groups as of 9 March 1942, corresponding with the WPD chart of 16 or 17
February, see WDGS Orgn Chart, 2 Mar 42, OPD 320, 7.
Somewhat arbitrarily the author has selected 21 February 1942 as the date when
most of the Division was working on the basis of the new organization. See OPD
Hist Unit Study F. Actually the transition was gradual, beginning 19 February
and ending 9 March.
14 (1) Memo, Brig Gen Streett for G-2, 17 Apr 42, sub: Reorgn of Theatre Secs of Theatre Gp, etc., OPD 320, 14. (2) For initiation of the plan, see memo, Brig Gen Streett for Col K. N. Walker, Exec Theatre Gp, 6 Apr 42, sub: Preparation of Plan for Orgn and Opn of Theatre Gp, Paper 64, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file. (3) For section chiefs, see App. A.
15 Memo, TAG for WPD, 20 Mar 42, sub: Responsibility and Procedure for Preparation of O'seas Mvmt Order, OPD 370.5, 12.
16 Memo, Exec OPD for ACofS OPD, 22 Mar 42, sub: Mvmt Orders, Tab Misc, Book 4, Exec 8.
17 Min of Gen Council meetings, 31 Mar 42, DCofS rcds.
18 (1) For establishment of Troop Movements Section, see memo, Brig Gen Streett for DCofS, 8 Apr 42, sub: Tr Mvmt Coordination Sec, OPD 210.3, 35. (2) For increased almt to OPD, see memo, OPD for Mil Pers Div SOS, 15 Apr 42, sub: Change in Almt of Grs to OPD, OPD 210.3, 40.
19 (1) For Status Report System whereby Troop Movements Section received from
the Army Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, or Services of Supply complete
information on the fitness for its mission of each unit scheduled for overseas
movement, see memo, OPD for AGF, AAF, and SOS, 1 Jul 42, sub: Status Rpts, OPD
370.5, 184. (2) For POM instructions, see study, n.d., title: Preparation for
O'seas Mvmt, etc., incl with memo, OPD for TAG, 20 Jan 43, sub: Publication of
"Preparation for O'seas Mvmt," OPD 370.5, 389/2. This document was
issued by TAG, 1 February 1943, AG 370.5 (116-43) OB-S-E-GN-SPOT-M. It
superseded instructions previously distributed as "Inclosure No. 1"
with all overseas troop movement orders.
A complete file of troop movement orders, status reports, and associated papers
is in the custody of Hist Rcds Sec, AG Rcds Br.
20 (1) OPD adm memo, Col Hull, 17 May 42, no sub, OPD 321.19 OPD, 42. (2) Memo, Col Hull for Brig Gen Handy, 5 Jun 42, no sub, OPD 020.1. 7. (3) For BOLERO plan, see Ch. IX.
21 Draft ltr, Gen Marshall to Sir John Dill, n.d., OPD 400, 1.
22 OPD adm memo, 13 Jun 42, sub: Reorgn of Resources and Reqmts Sec, OPD 320, 29.
23 Ibid.
24 See Ch. V.
25 For complete file of Overseas Troop Basis publications, 15 April 1942-1
June 1944, see Exec 101. This OPD publication was superseded by a publication
called Troop List for Operations and Supply, issued by Strength Accounting and
Reports Office, OCS.
For initiation of series, see: (1) memo, G-3 for WPD, 20 Mar 42, sub: Rpts on
Status of O'seas Depts and Bases, OPD 320.2, 39; (2) D/F, WPD for G-3,
26 Mar 42, same sub, OPD 320.2, 39.
26 See Ch. IV.
27 Master file of Victory Program Troop Basis, December 1941-November 1943, envelope with OPD 400 WMP, 110. The series comprised seven issues: December 1941, 24 May 1942, 15 December 1942, 15 June 1943, 15 July 1943, 26 October 1943, and 22 November 1943.
28 (1) WPD orgn chart, n.d., Paper 6, Item 2A, OPD Hist Unit file. (2) OPD roster, 2 May 42, sub; Orgn of OPD, OPD Hist Unit Adm file.
29 Memo, Col Davis for ACofS OPD, 15 Sep 42, sub: Reduction of Commissioned Pers, Logistics Gp, OPD, OPD 210.3, 126.
30 AG ltr, 10 Mar 42, sub: Code Words to Designate Plans, Projects, Localities, etc., AG 311.5 (3-10-42) MC-MD-M.
31 OPD adm memo, 29 Mar 42, sub: Daily Rpt to CofS, OPD 319.1, 1.
32 1700 Report, 20 Mar 42-23 Apr 43, Current Gp files, AG Rcds Br.
33 OPD Diary, 24 Apr 43-2 Sep
45, Current Gp files, AG Rcds Br.
The Current Section also produced a Situation
Summary for fairly wide distribution in the War Department and (later) to the
overseas theater headquarters. See: (1) War Department Daily Situation Summary,
11 Jun 42-3 Aug 43, OPD 350.05 (Fourteen Sections); (2) file of situation
summaries, 5 Aug 43 through last issue, 18 Aug 45, in OPD 319.1; (3) for first
issue in message form see msg, Col Handy for Theater Comdrs, 4 Aug. 43, CM-OUT
1174-1184.
34 OPD adm memo, 10 Jun 42, sub: Messages, OPD 311.23, 40.
35 See Ch. V.
36 Duties included establishing contact with and providing office services for task force officers detailed to temporary duty in OPD, arranging inoculations for OPD officers, and supervising over 200 enlisted male clerks on duty with the War Department General Staff. For example, see: (1) OPD adm memo, 20 Apr 42, no sub, OPD 210.3, 45; (2) memo, Maj James Stack for Col Gailey, 21 Oct 43, no sub, OPD 321.19 OPD, 27; (3) memo, OPD for Dir of Pers, SOS, 8 Dec 42, sub: Release of Under-Age Off and Asgmt of Over-Age Off, OPD 210.3, 14.
37 (1) OPD adm memo, 31 Mar 42, sub: Registered Documents Room, OPD, Paper 73, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file. (2) Cf. OPD adm memo, 13 Aug 43, sub: Registered Docs Room, OPD, OPD 311.5, 149.
38 For a detailed description of paperwork procedure in OPD, see OPD Hist Unit Study M.
39 (1) For regulations transferring the wartime functions of AGO in processing correspondence, see WD Cir 59, 2 Mar 42. (2) For a discussion of the prewar and wartime systems, including a step-by-step description of the handling of correspondence in OPD, see Nelson, National Security and The General Staff, pp. 470-80.
40 The prize example of misfortune in sending military messages is that of the 7 December 1941 message to Pearl Harbor, which should have arrived before the attack but actually, by a series of accidents, was on its way to the offices of the commanders (ironically, in the hands of a messenger boy of Japanese descent) when the attack was launched. S Doc 244, 79th Cong, 1st sess, Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack: Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, pp. 224-26.
41 (1) AG ltr, 24 Mar 42, sub: WDCMC, AG 312.11 (3-20-42) MC-WD-M. (2) OPD adm memo, 6 Apr 42, sub: Messages, Paper 65, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file. (3) Cf. WD Cir 59, 2 Mar 42.
42 (1) OPD Msg File, Hist Rcds Sec, AG Rcds Br. (2) For handling messages inside the Division, see WPD adm memo, 26 Feb 42, sub: Procedure for WPD Msg Cen, and All Secs of WPD, Paper 87, Item 2A, OPD Hist Unit file.
43 Memo, Lt Col C. H. Muir for Exec OPD, 28 Oct 42, sub: Msg Cen Pers, OPD 320, 36.
44 For work of OPD message center, see OPD Hist Unit Study L.
45 For inauguration of the decimal system, see OPD adm memo, 1 Mar 42, no sub, Paper 85, Item 2A, OPD Hist Unit file.
46 This "Exec" collection has been particularly valuable and is extensively cited in this history.
47 Memo, OPD for G-1, 3 Mar 42, sub: Dtl of Offs, OPD 210.3, 4.
48 (1) Memo, OPD for G-1, 2 May 42, sub: Dtl of Offs, OPD 210.61, 2. (2) Memo, TAG for OPD, 23 May 42, sub: Almt of Offs for Dy with OPD, WDGS, OPD 210.3, 68. (3) Memo, OPD for TAG, 12 Jun 42, sub: Offs on Dy in District of Columbia and Vicinity, Item 3, Exec 15.
49 (1) WPD Civ Pers roster, 16 Feb 42, Paper 76, Item 2A, OPD Hist Unit file. (2) OPD roster of Div Employees, 13 May 42, Paper 53, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file.
50 (1) Memo, OPD for TAG, 23 Mar 42, sub: Hq Det for Office of ACofS, WPD, OPD 220.3 Hq Det, GHQ, 1. (2) AG ltr to CO Hq Co, Washington Prov Brigade, 24 Mar 42, sub: Almts of Grs and Atzd Strs, AG 221 (3-18-42) EA-A. (3) AG ltr to CG Hq Det, GHQ, 7 Jul 42, sub: Almt of Grs and Atzd Str, DEML, to Hq Det, GHQ, Washington, D. C., AG 221 (7-2-42) EA-SD.
51 Pers ltr, Maj Gen Hull to Lt Gen W. B. Smith, 23 Nav 44, Paper 1475, Book 24, Exec 9.
52 Memo, Brig Gen G. A. Lincoln for author, 3 Dec 47, sub: Hist of OPD, p. 16, OPD Hist Unit Comment file.
53 For the reconstitution of the JUSSC in the spring of 1943 as the JWPC, for the work of the JWPC, and for OPD membership, see Ch. XIII.
54 The key position of the chief of S&P was reinforced late in the war by his position in the SWNCC system. See Ch. XVI.
55 (1) Memo, OPD for Dir of Pers, SOS, 26 Jun 42, sub: Orders for Offs, OPD 210.3, 97. (2) Memo, Col H. A. Barber, Chief Latin American Sec, Theater Gp for ACofS OPD, 26 Jun 42, sub: Processing of Orders for Mvmt of Individual Offs to and from O'seas Garrisons, OPD 210.3, 97.
56 Memo, Col A. D. Reid, Chief European Sec, Theater Gp, for Col C. W. McCarthy, Liaison Sec, 8 Feb 44, sub: Info Desired from and Recommendations Relative to Reorgn of MIS, OPD 320 WD, 20.
57 Memo, Lt Col J. P. McKnight for Chief Theater Gp, 6 Sep 45, sub: Hist of OPD, OPD 321.19 OPD, 106/5.
58 For example, see memo, CofS for WPD, 18 Mar 42, sub: Jt Army-Navy Plans for Alaska, OPD 381 Alaska, 6.
59 OPD adm memo, 12 Jun 42, sub: Periodic Summaries, Paper 48, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file. Periodic summaries dispatched as messages are filed chronologically under a subfile heading for each theater in OPD 319.1 file. The first summaries were prepared in May 1942 for the Pacific commands.
60 Ltr, Lt Gen M. F. Harmon to Gen Marshall, 26 Jul 44, Paper 1010, Book 21, Exec 9.
61 OPD (Opns Gp) adm memo, 19 Mar 42, sub: Signature on Papers Initiated by Opns Gp, etc., Paper 77, Item 2B, OPD Hist Unit file.
62 Interv, Lt Gen Hull with author, 3 Jul 47, OPD Hist Unit Interv file.
63 Memo, Brig Gen Handy for Col Wedemeyer, 22 June 42, no sub, Tab Misc, Book 5, Exec 8.
64 Memo, Col C. W. Stewart, Exec Theater Gp for Theater Chiefs, 19 Sep 42, sub: Routing of Papers Through OPD, OPD 312, 29.
65 Informal memo, Lt Col Godwin Ordway for Brig Gen Crawford, 9 Apr 42, atchd to memo, OPD for Secretariat JCS, 9 Apr 42, sub: Acft Allocations in Australia, OPD 452.1, 1.
66 These papers for the Chief of Staff were called "Green Hornets" in reference to the green cardboard cover affixed to them for purposes of easy identification, to the speed with which they were supposed to "fly" through the office, and to the "sting" experienced from holding them too long.
67 Min of Gen Council meetings, 12 Oct 42, DCofS rcds. In such cases OPD often went to work simply on oral instructions from the Chief of Staff or some one in his office. Often OPD kept only a very informal record of the action taken in the Division, particularly when the only action taken was to send the Chief of Staff a rough draft from which he could start preparing a communication to the President, Admiral King, or Sir John Dill. The record made of OPD action in such cases often consisted of filing a draft, bearing explanatory notes in pen or pencil, in the OPD executive office.
68 Interv, Lt Col J. B. Morgan, Asst Exec OPD, with author, 1 Mar 46, OPD Hist Unit Interv file.
69 Rpt [1945], title: Presentations, Item 2C, OPD Hist Unit file.
70 For General Eisenhower's trip to the United Kingdom in May 1942, see Ch. IX. General Handy made a trip to the United Kingdom in August 1942, for which see Ch. X. For subsequent trips by the chief of OPD, as well as many other officers, see Ch. XV.
71 OPD adm memo, 4 May 42, sub: Visits to Theaters by Offs of OPD, OPD 331.1, 49.
72 Min of Gen Council meetings, 4 May 42, DCofS rcds.
73 For OPD's actions and Lt Col V. A. Lane's memo for record on the report, see copy of CM-IN 1698, 24 May 42, Lt Col F. R. Stevens for Gen Marshall, with atchd papers, OPD 381 New Caledonia, 29.
74 For comprehensive administrative description of OPD, see OPD adm memo, 9 Jun 42, sub: OPD of WDGS, OPD 321.19 OPD, 4.
75 Memo, OPD for DCofS, 16 Jun 42, sub: WD Orgn, OPD 320, 17.
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Last updated 19 October 2004 |