Endnotes for Chapter X
1 Ind to Ltr, SW to Secy State, 20 May 38, AG 336 (2-12-38). See Ch. VIII, above.
2 See Ch. I, above.
3 On Latin American aviation development and the contest for aviation control, 1939-41, see William A. M. Burden, The Struggle for Airways in Latin America (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1943) (hereafter cited as Struggle for Airways); Matthew Josephson, Empire of the Air (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944); and Oliver J. Lissitzyn, International Air Transport and National Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1942) (hereafter cited as International Air Transport), Ch. XIII.
4 Ind 2 to Memo, Maj Edward M. Almond for CofS, 30 Jun 38, SLC Min, Vol. I, Item 15.
5 Remarks of Dept of State rep at Jt Secretariat mfg, 15 Jun 38, SLC Min, Vol. I, Item 10.
6 Notes on SLC mtg, 11 Jul 38, Item 17; Notes on Jt Secretariat mfg, 26 Sep 38, Item 18. Both in SLC Min, Vol. I
7 Ind to Ltr, Chairman CAA to SW, 21 May 40, WPD 4113-14.
8 A copy of the CAA plan is in AG 580 (3-27-39).
9 Memo, ASW Johnson for Maj Gen Malin Craig, 27 Mar 39, and subsequent exchanges, AG 580 (3-27-39); Memo, WPD for CofS, 23 May 39, WPD 4113-6, summarizes the revised plan; Inc], title: Chronology of Events Relating to Adoption of the Plan for Aeronautical Improvement in the Western Hemisphere, to Ltr, Chairman CAA to SW, 21 May 40, WPD 4113-14.
10 Memo, WPD for CofS, 3 Apr 39, WPD 4113-1.
11 Memo, WPD for CofS, 23 May 39, WPD 4113-6; Memo, WPD for CofS, 30 Aug 39; Memos, Col Handy for ACofS WPD, 2 and 5 Sep 39. Last two in WPD 4113-8. Incl to Ltr, Chairman CAA to SW, 21 May 40, WPD 4113-14.
12 For authoritative accounts of the nature and extent of foreign-controlled airline operations in Latin America before 1942, see Burden, Struggle for Airways, and Lissitzyn, International Air Transport, pp. 334-47. Latin American commercial airlines were customarily known by abbreviations of their lengthy official names and are so referred to in this text. For a list of abbreviations and full names of aviation companies operating in Latin America before 1942, see Burden, Struggle for Airways, p. xxiii and listing inside its back cover.
13 Army records contain a good. deal of information on this subject, supplementing the various published accounts. On the situation in the fall of 1939, see especially: WPD Memo for Record, 24 Oct 39, WPD 4113-9; and Ltr, CG PCD to TAG, 22 Nov 39, WPD 4113-8. The best overall summaries are the memorandums composed by Col. Clayton L. Bissell (1 Apr 42) and Maj. J. D. Gillett (5 Apr 42) of OPD, in WPD 4257. See also: Lissitzyn, International Air Transport, pp. 331-32; Burden, Struggle for Airways, pp. 72-73; Josephson, Empire of the Air, pp. 157-59; and Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 274-75.
14 Memos of Col Bissell and Maj Gillett, cited in footnote 13, above; various papers in WPD 4257 and AG 580.81 (1-17-41). The final settlement called for the payment of $922,666.00, compared with the bill for $1,217,872.54 submitted by Pan American in 1941.
15 Burden, Struggle for Airways, pp. 73-74; Historical Section, Caribbean Defense Command, MS, United States Military Mission (Ground and Air) Republic of Ecuador, "The Aviation Mission," pp. 5-6.
16 Remarks of Under Secy State Welles at SLC mtg, 3 Jan 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 1; Ltr, Mr. Rockefeller to Gen Marshall, 29 Jan 41, WPD 4257. The Civil Aeronautics Board had absorbed the work of the Civil Aeronautics Authority in June 1940.
17 Ltr, CofS to Mr. Rockefeller, 1 Feb 41, OCS 9136-61.
18 Memo, WPD for CofS, 27 Feb 41; Ltr, SW to Postmaster General, 3 Mar 41. Both in WPD 4442.
19 Memo, Dept of State for WPD, 2 Apr 41, and Incl, WPD 4257; Memo, Dept of State for WPD, 10 May 41, WPD 4113-33; Burden, Struggle for Airways, p. 71.
20 Ltr, SW to Secy State, 7 Apr 41, and subsequent exchanges, AG 580 (4-7-41).
21 Ltr, SW to Vice President, Panagra, 4 Jun 41, WPD 4113-33. General Marshall had approved this practice in November 1940. Notes on Confs in OCS, 15 and 23 Nov 40, OCS Conf Binder, OPD files.
22 WPD Note for Record, 18 Jun 41, WPD 4113-106; Memo, CofAAF for Def Supplies Corp, 10 Nov 41, WPD 4113-135.
23 Notes on SLC mtg, 23 Nov 40, SLC Min, Vol. I, Item 65 .
24 Lissitzyn, International Air Transport, pp. 242-43, 312-14; Josephson, Empire of the Air, pp. 173-76; Burden, Struggle for Airways, pp. 145-46. Contemporary Army documents reflecting the character of the contest include: Memo, Col Bissell for ACofS WPD, 8 Feb 41, OCS 9136-64; OCS Memo for Record, 25 Feb 41, WPD 4113-60; and Memo, WPD for ASW Lovett, 26 Apr 41, WPD 4113-82.
25 WPD interoffice memo, 1 Aug 40, AG 580.81 (11-1-40). This file and WPD 1162-G8 contain background information in the TACA application. See also Memo, WPD for CofS, 18 Dec 40, WPD 4113-47.
26 Notes on SLC mtg, 23 Nov 40, SLC Min, Vol. I, Item 65; Memo, WPD for CofS, 18 Dec 40; Memo, Col Bissell for ACofS WPD, 31 Dec 40. Last two in WPD 4113-47.
27 Memo, WPD for CofS, 5 Mar 41, and Incl, WPD 4113-60; Memo, CofAAF for CofS, 7 Oct 41; Ltr, SW to Chairman CAB, 4 Nov 41. Last two in OCS 18733-131. Ltr, SN to Chairman CAB, 5 Nov 41, WPD 4113-47.
28 Ltr, SW to Chairman CAB, 13 Dec 41, OCS 18733-136; Burden, Struggle for Airways, pp. 146-47.
29 Memo, G-2 for CofS, 3 Jul 41, WPD 4224-167; various papers in WPD 4113-109, under title: Axis Operations in the "American Narrows."
30 Various exchanges, dated October-December 1941, WPD 4113-132 and WPD 578-127.
31 Memo, WPD for CofS, 12 Dec 41, WPD 4113-137; various papers, dated January-February 1942, WPD 4113-149; Burden, Struggle far Airways, p. 76, and folding map inside back cover.
32 See Ch. 1, above.
33 Memo, WPD for G-2, 18 Jul 39; Memo, CofAC for WPD, 12 Aug 39. Both in WPD 4185. Various papers in WPD 4185-1, especially Ltr, SW to Secy State, 20 Jan 40, and Memo, WPD for Dept of State, 9 Mar 40. Notes on Conf, 6 Nov 39, in WPD Note for Record, 8 Jun 40, WPD 4185-5.
34 Report, CG GHQ Air Force to CofAC, n.d., transmitted in Memo, CofAC for WPD, 7 Dec 39, WPD 4185-2.
35 Report, Col Olds to CG GHQ Air Force, 1 Dec 39, WPD 4185-2.
36 Memo, Col Olds for Chief Plans Div Air Corps, 15 May 40, WPD 4113-13.
37 Report of subcommittee on Caribbean Airways, n.d., WPD 4113-13, copy furnished by memo to WPD on 23 May 40, WPD 4185-5; Memos, Mai Bissell for ACofS WPD, 4 and 18 Jun 40, WPD 4113-16 and WPD 4113-19; Memo, WPD for CofS, 1 Jul 40, WPD 4113-22.
38 Memo, JPC for CofS and CNO, 24 Jan 40, WPD 4113-23.
39 On Colonel Jouett's services, see: Memo, WPD for CofS, 1 Jul 40; Ltr, SW to Col Jouett, 16 Jul 40. Both in WPD 4113-22. Memo, WPD for CofS, 5 Nov 40, WPD 4113-33.
40 Notes on Conf between Army, Navy, and PAA reprs, 19 Jul 40, WPD 4113-29. On Pan American's attitude toward undertaking the project, see the report submitted on 25 January 1946 to the Under Secretary of War by Col Curtis G. Pratt et al., Office of CG ASF, entitled: Construction of Certain Latin American and Caribbean Air Bases Built by the United States (hereafter cited as Pratt Report), ASF records.
41 Memo, CofS for SW, 7 Sep 40, AG 580.82 (8-27-40) Bulky Package.
42 Ltr, Under Secy State to SW, 24 Oct 40, WPD 4113-37. Memo, SGS for CofS, 18 Sep 40, OCS Conf Binder 3, records President Roosevelt's approval; various papers in AG 580.82 (8-27-40), Sec. 1 and Bulky Package, record the arrangement of other details during September and October.
43 OCS interoffice memo, 4 Nov 40, AG 580.82 (8-27-40), Sec 1. This file also contains copies of the original Pan American contracts. The most convenient summary of these contracts and the many supplementary contracts subsequently negotiated with Pan American is in the Pratt Report, Sec. III and Incls 3 and 4.
44 On 7 September General Marshall had pointed out that "in the Caribbean theater the Pan American contract is a primary essential to the matter of the British bases." Memo, CofS for SW, 7 Sep 40, AG 580.82 (8-27-40) Bulky Package.
45 The 1941 progress reports are in AG 580.82 (8-27-40), Sec. 2.
46 Memo, WPD for G-2, 6 Mar 41, WPD 4113-33; Ltr, TAG to CofEngrs, 12 Mar 41; 5th Ind on Progress Report of Dec 40, Deputy Contracting Off to Div Engrs North Atlantic Div, 31 Mar 41. Last two in AG 580.82 (8-27-40), Sec. 2.
47 Progress Report, 30 Apr 41, AG 580.82 (8-27-40), Sec. 2.
48 Report of Amer Vice-Consul, 3 Jun 41, WPD 4113-109.
49 Progress Report, 31 Jul 41, AG 580.82 (8-27-40), Sec. 2.
50 Lt r, to President of PAA, 19 Sep 41, WPD 4113-33.
51 Ltr, Deputy Contracting Off to CofEngrs, 29 Nov 41, AG 580.82 (8-27-40), Sec. 1.
52 Memo, Col Bissell for ACofS WPD, 8 Nov 41, WPD 4113-33.
53 Memo, G-4 for WPD, 18 Dec 41, G-4/32126, Sec. III.
54 Pratt Report, p. 60.
55 Ltr, SW to Secy State, 16 Nov 45, OPD 580.82, Sec. III-A.
56 Memo, Col Bissell for ACofS WPD, 19 Dec 40, WPD 4113-49; various papers, dated February-August 1941, WPD 4113-56.
57 Notes on SLC mtgs, 23 Jan and 4 Feb 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Items 4 and 5; Memo SGS for CofS, 2 May 41, OCS Conf Binder 15; various papers, dated February-July 1941, WPD 4385-4.
58 Memo, CofS for Under Secy State, 30 Sep 41, and subsequent correspondence, WPD 4346-7.
59 Ltr, SW to SN, 12 Jul 41, WPD 4113-55; Ltr, TAG to CofAAF, 21 Nov 40, WPD 4113-33.
60 Various papers, dated 16 Dec 41-16 Jan 42, WPD 4113-33; Notes on GHQ staff conf, 7 Jan 42 GHQ 337 Staff Confs Binder 2.
61 Financial Report on Airport Development Program as of 30 June 1942, OPD 580.81 PAA.
62 Pratt Report, p. 76.
63 Josephson, Empire of the Air, pp. 167, 171.
64 A careful postwar investigation of the Airport Development Program produced the opinion "that under the circumstances and the many, many difficulties faced, a splendid job was done, and that it would have been most difficult to have done a much better one." Pratt Report, p. 92.
65 Notes on SLC mtg, 21 Apr 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 20.
66 Memo, Chief jt Policy and Plans Sec for Chief Lat Amer Sec WPD, 9 Sep 41, OPD Misc 49.
67 SGS Memo for Record, 17 Jan 41, OCS Conf Binder 8; Memo, CofS for Under Secy State, 18 Jan 41, WPD 4361-2.
68 Notes on SLC mtgs, 23 Jan and 15 Feb 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Items 4 and 6; various papers, dated 22 Jan-12 Feb 41, WPD 4361-2; Memo, Gen Arnold for CofS, 20 Feb 41, OCS Conf Binder 10.
69 Note for Record, Col Ridgway, WPD, 25 Feb 41, WPD 4361-2.
70 Pets Ltr, Gen Andrews to Gen Marshall, 12 Mar 41, AG 320.2 (1-8-41).
71 Ltr, CG CDC to TAG, 31 May 41, AG 580 (4-15-41).
72 Rad, CG, CDC to TAG; 17 Oct 41, AG 580 (4-15-41); Memo, WPD for CofAAF, 28 Oct 41, and accompanying notations; Memo, CofAAF for WPD, 2 Dec 41. Last two in WPD 4113-77.
73 On occasion during the latter part of 1941 Mexico and the Caribbean republics permitted Army mechanics in civilian clothes to be stationed temporarily at Pan American airports to service large flights of planes. See Chapter XIII, below, for the Mexican approval of this arrangement.
74 Ltr, CG CDC to TAG, 1 May 41, OCS 9136-74.
75 Memo, CofAAF for WPD, 27 Sep 41, WPD 4113-102.
76 See Ch. XIII, below.
77 Report of 14 Jul 41, and other papers, WPD 4379-11; Memo, Venezuelan Foreign Minister to Amer Ambassador, 6 Dec 41, WPD 4361-21.
78 Ltr, SW to Chairman Economic Defense Board, 5 Dec 41, and Incls describing privileges desired, WPD 4115-62.
79 Memo, WPD for Dept of State, 11 Dec 41, WPD 4113-136.
80 Memo, Dept of State for WPD, 22 Dec 41, inclosing copies of messages sent on 13 December 1941 by Department of State to embassies and legations, WPD 4115-73.
81 Ltr, Gen Embick to Col Cristobal Guzman Cardenas, 13 Dec 41, WPD 4484-1.
82 Memo, CofAAF for SW, 18 Dec 41; Ltr, SW to Secy State, 19 Dec 41. Both in OCS 9136-89.
83 Memo, WPD for GHQ, 3 Jan 42, WPD 4115-78, contains a summary of photographic privileges granted. Dept of State Memo, 8 Jan 42, OPD Misc 10, Lat Amer Flying-General, contains a summary of flight privileges granted. On Colombia, Memo, Col Barber for Gen Gerow, WPD, 16 Jai. 42, WPD 4379-23. On Venezuela, Memo, WPD for CofS, 24 Feb 42, WPD 4361-15. On Brazil and Mexico, see Chapters XII and XIII, below.
84 The detachment went to Maracaibo in June 1942 and remained for about one year. See Hist Sec, CDC, Military Collaboration, C.D.C.-Venezuela During World War II, pp. 47-49.
85 Small weather and communications detachments were sent to two Colombian airfields during 1943. See Historical Section, Caribbean Defense Command, MS, Cooperation and Collaboration of the Republic of Colombia with the United States in the Second World War, p. 49.
86 See Ch. XII, below.
87 The development of American military bases under the Caribbean Defense Command is treated in Conn, Engleman, and Fairchild, Guarding the United States.
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