Endnotes for Chapter XV
1 (1) Hist Rpt, Office of Petroleum Adviser, Opns Div, Hq, PGC, Mar 43-Jul 45. PGF 8-E. (2) Rear Adm. Andrew F. Carter, one-time executive of the Army-Navy Petroleum Board, told an audience at the National War College on 6 February 1947 that the British calculated petroleum as 69.9 percent of total movement; the Americans, as 50 percent.
2 Herbert Feis, Seen from E. A. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1947), p. 136.
3 To this figure should be added 621,826 short tons (555,202 long tons) shipped from the United States to the United Kingdom to replace petroleum shipped from the Abadan refinery to the USSR, charged as British reciprocal aid to the United States. Tables 1, n. g, and 2, n. g.
4 A British term adopted by the Americans for its brevity. It stands, loosely, for petrol (gasoline, benzine, kerosene), oil (raw oil, fuel oils, and all petroleum derivatives except petrol and lubricants), and lubricants (grease). POL means petroleum and any or all of its products.
5 A rectangular can of four to five gallons' capacity and varying design, especially as to cap, lip, or spout, indispensable, because of its portability, for refueling in areas unsuitable for mobile tankers. A German innovation in World War I, hence, jerrycan, generic term for all variants, British or American.
6 Memo, prepared by British Purchasing Commission, 25 Sep 41. Iran 28/17, NADEF.
7 Memo, Brig W. E. R. Blood for Gen Wheeler, 25 Oct 41. Iran 5/13, NADEF.
8 Documents dated 28 Oct and 24 Nov 41. 679 Pipe Line, Oil, Iran, Intn Div, ASF NCF.
9 Memo for Gen Aurand, 23 May 42, sub: Pipelines in Iran and Iraq. 679 Pipe Line. Oil, Iran, Intn Div, ASF NCF.
10 Rad, Wheeler to Moore, 24 Nov 41. DE File D-2, Directives, NADER
11 Memo for file, by Maj T. T. Molnar, Supply Sec, Defense Aid Unit OCofEngrs, 4 Dec 41, concerning meeting held 2 Dec 41. 381 (Middle East) O&T Sec Files, Folio 1, Serials 1-175, OCofEngrs.
12 A Preliminary Report on Iranian Pipeline Project, 24 Dec 41. Iran 45/1, NADEF.
13 Memo, signed by Mai H. Case Willcox, 7 Jan 42. 679 Pipe Line, Oil, Iran, Intn Div, ASF NCF.
14 Memo of conversation, State Dept, 12 Jan 42, sub: Postwar Economic Implications of Plans of the WD to Furnish Wheeler Mission with Lend-Lease Materials for Cons of Mil Pipelines in Iran and Iraq 679 Pipe Line, Oil, Iran, Intn Div, ASF NCF.
15 Memo, Capt Yount for Gen Moore, 13 Jan 42. 679 Pipe Line, Oil, Iran, Intn Div, ASF NCF. The account of the meeting, except as otherwise noted, is based upon this memorandum and that cited note 14. Present at the meeting were Wallace Murray, Chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, Paul Ailing, his Assistant Chief, Max Thornburg, and Mr. Parker, for the State Department, and General Moore, Maj. A. N. Wood, Captain Yount (the latter two from the Home Office of the Iranian Mission), Philip Young of the LendLease Administration, Fred H. Kay, Vice President, Standard-Vacuum Oil Company, R. C. Stoner, Vice President, Standard Oil Company of California, F. A. Davies, President, California-Arabian Oil Company (later Arabian-American Oil Company, i. e., Aramco), and C. E. Olmstead, Vice President, Texas Company.
17 Memo, Gen Yount for author, 24 Dec 48.
18 Document and incls dated 26 Jan 42. 679 Pipe Line, Oil, Iran, Intn Div, ASF NCF.
19 (1) Interv with Ambassador Murray, Tehran, 30 Jul 45. 12) Memo cited n. 9, quoting Rad, Col Shingler to Washington, 16 May 42: "All pipeline projects in Iran-Iraq have been canceled" with the exception of sections of routes 1 and 2 given in the list in the text. These sections would run only from Ahwaz to Andimeshk and were designed for 70,000 gallons and 150,000 gallons per day, respectively. According to Ambassador Murray even this reduction of the original program was abandoned. (3) Memo cited n. 9. Ltr, Edmund A. Prentis, Folspen, to Missions Br, Intn Div, SOS, Washington, 18 Jun 42, indicates that Folspen was then working on plans for anchorages for a 6-inch dresser-coupled oil line. 679 Pipe Line, Oil, Iran, Intn Div, ASF NCF. (4) Rpt on Trans-Iranian Railway, by Capt Yount, 5 Jan 42. WPD 4596 to-15 Iran (Persia) HRS DRB AGO.
20 (1) Feis, Seen from E. A., p. 100 and n. 4, p. 171. See also Thirteenth Report to Congress on Lend-Lease Operations for the Period Ended November 30, 1943 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1944), Ch. 7, "Lend-Lease Petroleum in the War," pp. 39-45. ( 2 ) Interv with Admiral Carter, National War College, 6 Feb 47. (3 ) Interv with Dr. John W. Frey, Historian, Petroleum Administration for War, Interior Dept, 13 Jan 47. (4) Preliminary Report of Observations on Bahrein Island, 27 Jun 44, by Maj Gus R. Bartels, Deputy Provost Marshal, PGC, to CG, PGC (cited hereafter as Bartels Rpt). Seen by the author at office of Bahrein Petroleum Company, Awali, Bahrein Island, Jul 45. (5) A History of the Petroleum Administration for War, 1941-1945, prepared under the direction and editorship of John W. Frey and H. Chandler Ide (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1946 ), p. 265. (6) Interv cited n. 20 (3) .
21 (1) But see Container Plants at Abadan and Bahrein, below. (2) See also under date of 29 Mar 44. AG 095 Bahrein Oil Co, Hq AMET. ( 3 ) The only other direct connection occurred over the sale to the company of surplus heavy construction equipment. On 2 September 1943 the company requested USAFIME to sell it such equipment in accordance with Army policy designed to save shipping. After discussion between USAFIME headquarters and the War Department it was decided on 29 April 1944 to supply BAPCO from the Persian Gulf. History of ACofS, G-4, AMET, par. 16. Hq AMET. The material was transferred, the transaction being legalized on 31 July 1944 by a contract signed between the Persian Gulf Command and BAPCO for the sale (with right to repurchase) of $120,927.39 worth of machinery, equipment, and supplies under existing law, authority, and declarations. which indicated that the national defense and the war effort would be promoted by speeding construction of aviation gasoline facilities. See Contract W-7358-PGC-1. AG File, Hq PGC.
22 (1) Feis, Seen from E. A., p. 103 and n. 7. (2) Interv with Ward Anderson, General Mgr, BAPCO, Awali, Bahrein Island, 11 Aug 45. ( 3 ) Interv cited n. 20 ( 2 ) . The Defense Supplies Corporation later modified he contract and had to pay damages for reducing the specified quantity. The New York Times, March 17, 1947.
24 (1) See under date of 6 Jul 44. AG 250.401 Court Martial Jurisdiction, Hq PGC. (2) Bartels Rpt. (3) Interv cited n. 22(2).
26 (1) Interv cited n. 20 ( 2 ) . ( 2 ) This "costly" delay is listed in the Bartels Report among eight factors in deterioration of contractor-personnel morale which aroused the War Department's interest.
28 The normal complement of the BAPCO refinery before commencement of the aviation gasoline program was about 150 Europeans and 1,500 natives. Between 19 May 1943, when the high-octane plant project was begun, and the close of business on 12 August 1945 (when figures were prepared), 91 percent of European employees processed had been terminated. That is, out of 1,104 men processed for the payroll and shipped to Bahrein Island, only 101 remained. Resignations, discharges, and 30-day terminations accounted for 33.5 percent of the total employment roster, while 48 percent remained at the plant to the end of their contracts. Average turnover approximated one third of total enrollment. Personnel figures prepared and information furnished by Walter Hillman, Personnel Manager for BMC at the refinery; Mr. Hanson; and Julius Fifer, Manager of the BAPCO refinery.
30 Rad AMSME 9141, Royce to Somervell, 6 Nov 43, and atchd papers. AG 095 Bahrein Oil Co., Hq AMET.
31 JAG to CG, USAFIME, 13 May 44. AG 095 Bahrein Pet. Co., Hq AMET.
32 See Rad PX-14789, Connolly to Giles, 2 Jun 44. AG 095 Bahrein Pet. Co., Hq AMET. The radio warned that both USAFIME and its contractors were miring ex-Bahrein employees, causing unrest and high turnover in "this high priority work." Connolly requested Giles to check with him to assure that job applicants have a release from PGG regardless of "what appears to be a bona fide release from our contractors." Both the phrase "our contractors" and the reference to release by the military indicate a de facto assumption of jurisdiction. Giles replied, agreeing to check and pointing out that an agreement to clear with the oil company and PGC had existed since the previous 17 February. Rad, Giles to Connolly, 6 Jun 44. Same file. But a message from Royce to PGC, dated 23 February, after the agreement cited by Giles, promised to hire no more men without oil company clearance, thus suggesting that the agreement did not always govern. Rad, Royce to PGC, 23 Feb 44. Same file.
33 Ltr, Gen Connolly to Richard Ford, Charge d'Affaires, U.S. Embassy, Tehran, 25 Apr 44. AG 201 Dreyfus, L. G., Jr., 1944, Hq PGC.
35 Communications of 5, 6, 8, 10, and 16 Jul 44. AG 250.401 Court-Martial Jurisdiction, Hq PGC.
36 (1) Ltr, Maxwell to Marshall, 21 Sep 42. Cited G-5 File 457, Hq AMET. (2) Rad AMSME 2095, Maxwell to Somervell, 24 Oct 42. AG 463.7 (13 Jun 42-30 Apr 43), Hq AMET. (3) Rad AMSME 3618, Maxwell to Somervell 2 Jan 43. G-5 File 457, Hq AMET.
37 (1) Contract, 17 May 43, was for estimated cost of $5,105,356, at a fixed fee of $299,400. 160 Contract Overseas Steel Container Corporation, SL 8982. (2) Ltr, Gen Giles to GHQ, MEF, 24 Jun 43, citing Ltr, Gen Crawford to Lt Gen Sir Wilfred Lindsell, 5 Jun 43, and reply, 13 Jun 43. G-5 File, Can and Drum No. I, Hq AMET. (3) Ltr, Ord Off, USAFIME, to CG, SOS, USAFIME, 24 Aug 43. Same file.
38 Rad TN 3099, Gen Connolly to Gen Brereton, 5 Apr 43; and reply, Gen Crawford to Gen Connolly, 10 Apr 43. AG 600.12 Abadan, Hq AMET.
39 Penciled notation on copy of Rad AGWAR 2227, 27 Aug 43. AG 635 Drum Assembly Plant, Hq PGC.
40 (1) Memo, Ord Off, SOS, USAFIME, for CG, USAFIME, via G--4, 8 Sep 43. AG 635 Drum Assembly Plant, Hq PGC. (2) Rad AMPSC 1599, to Gen Connolly, 7 Oct 43. Same file. (3) Memo, Overseas Contracts Sec, Field Serv Div, OCofOrd, 9 Oct 43. Same file. (4) Ltr, CofS, PGC, to CG, ASF, 20 May 45. AG 635 Pertinent Correspondence--Drum Plants-Contl Br, Opns Div, Hq PGC.
41 1 Rad AGWAR 2444, 20 Sep 43. AG 635 Drum Assembly Plant, Hq PGC. The contract, W-7366-Ord-1, was signed between 9 October and 21 November 1943, according to memorandum cited note 40(3). There was also a contract, W-7366-QM-8260, with BAPCO.
42 Hist Rpts, Plants Br, Opns Div, Hq, PGC: (1) 4 Oct 44. PGF 125-U. (2) 15 Jan 45. PGF 125-X. ( 3 ) Table 14.
43 (1) Hist Rpt, Plants Br, Opns Div, Hq, PGC, 2 May 45. PGF 125-B. ( 2 ) Extract, 21 Mar 45, Rpts, Ex Off to CofS, PGC. PGF 251-A, 251-B. (3) Rad WARX 60174, 29 Mar 45, referred to in Rpt cited in (1). See also Extracts, 23, 30 Mar 45, Rpts, Ex Off to CofS, PGC. PGF 251-A, 251-B. Responsibility for filling the drums rested with BAPCO and PAI Force, the War Department's interest being solely in maximum production.
45 (1) Extract 25 Apr 45, Rpts, Ex Off to CofS, PGC. PGF 251-A, 251-B. ( 2 ) Ltr cited n. 40(4). (3) Rad WARX 2801462, Jun 45. AG 635 Pertinent CorrespondenceDrum Plants-Contl Br, Opns Div, Hq PGC.
46 Hist Rpt, Plants Br, Opns Div, Hq, PGC, 10 Aug 45. PGF 125-F.
47 Unless otherwise noted, authority for facts and statistics in this and the next section rests upon: (1) HOTI, Pt. I, Ch. 8, sec. 3, History of Movements Branch, Operations Division, Hq, PGC, prepared by Movements Branch, Operations Division, with Supplement by Laurence P. Corbett, and statistical appendix, Complete Summary of Port and Transportation Agencies Performance of PGC Operations through 31 May 1945, 5 July 1945. PGF. Certain figures given in the text are the result of new computations based upon statistics in the Supplement. (2) Memo, Maj Lester S. Thompson, Petroleum Adviser to CofS, Hq, PGC, for CG, PGC, 28 Jan 44; sub: Relating to the Procurement, Storage, and Distribution of Petroleum Products. PGF 8-T. ( 3 ) Rpt cited n. 1(1) .
48 State Dept Rpt, British Controls in Iraq, by Richard E. Grade, 25 Feb 44. Mid 330 Great Britain, 3 Apr 44 (12 Mar 43 ).
49 "Notes of Mtg held at Soviet Transportation Directorate, Tehran, 18 Aug 43. AG 337, Hq PGC.
51 This figure is from History cited n. 47 (1) . The Report on War Aid Furnished by the United States to the USSR, Foreign Economic Section, Office of Foreign Liquidation, Department of State 28 November 1945, gives the figure 555,202 long tons of Abadan petroleum products delivered to the USSR. The difference was petroleum imported into Iran.
52 Rad, Somervell to Connolly, 12 May 43, AG 337, Hq, PGC, quoted HOTI, Pt. VII, Ch. 7, Information on Gasoline to Russia, by Ogden C. Reed. PGF.
53 During 1944 planning included commitments for FRANTIC, the U.S. Army Eastern Command shuttle-bombing mission located in the USSR. A large proportion of the tonnage hauled over the ISR during June, July, August, and September 1944 for that mission consisted of aviation gasoline. The tonnages hauled by rail north of Andimeshk for FRANTIC were: 1,230 long tons, June; 6,547, July; 678, August; and 58, September. A radio from Connolly to Somervell indicates that the American command was prepared to haul 12,000 long tons for FRANTIC In August. The reduction and eventual conclusion of that mission made this unnecessary. Rad 28 Jul 44, AG 337, Hq PGC, quoted History cited n. 52.
54 Hist Rpt, Ports Serv, Apr 45. PGF 26-B.
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