Endnotes for Chapter XVII
1 (1) Tables 4 and 5 and Chart 7 for all tonnages unless otherwise noted. (2) Railway Gazette (London) 74 (1941) 634 (6 Jun 41) and The Middle East, 1948 (London: Europa Publications, Ltd., 1948), p. 132, for costs. Other sources estimate costs as high as $200,000,000.
2 British experts, after more than a year's experience with the ISR, believed that a theoretical maximum daily capacity of 5,200 long tons was actually as remote as infinity. Memo Gen Yount for author, 24 Dec 48.
3 (1) Memo, Hopkins for Stettinius, 19 Sep 41, transmitting Msg, Churchill to Hopkins; (2) Ltr, Wheeler to Stettinius, 28 Oct 41. WPD 4596 to -15 Iran (Persia) HRS DRB AGO.
4 Rad, Wheeler to Moore, 15 Jan 42. WPD 4596 to -15 Iran (Persia) HRS LRB AGO.
5 (1) Rad, Wheeler to Moore, 21 Dec 41; ( 2 ) Rad, War Office, London, to GHQ, India, and British Army Stf, Washington, 3 Jan 42. WPD 4596 to-15 Iran (Persia) HRS DRB AGO. (3) Rad Q/669, Gen Iraq [GOC British forces in Iraq] to ARMINDIA, 8 Jan 42. Shipping Data, SL X-11,737.
6 (1) Memo of conversations between State and War Depts [Jan 42], sub: Political Factors Involved in Provision of Trans Facilities in Iran; (2) Memo, Lt Col Clayton L. Bissell for Col Handy, WPD, 5 Jan 42: sub: Trans-Iranian Railroad; (3) See also Draft of Memo, Jan 42, prepared in WPD for submission as recommendation to CofS, unused. WPD 4596 to -15 Iran ( Persia ) HRS DRB AGO.
7 (1) Min, Stf Mtg at Cairo, 17 Jan 42. Maxwell Papers. (2) Rad cited n. 4.
8 Memo Col John E. Hull for ACofS, WPD, 17 Mar 42, sub: American Opn of TransIranian Railroad. WPD 4596 to-15 Iran (Persia) HRS DRB AGO.
9 (1) Copy with atchd papers in 336.01 International Agreements, SL 9012. (2) Ltr, Cot John B. Stetson, Jr., Fiscal Adviser to CG, PGSC, 19 Jul 43. Same file.
10 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 627. This was while Churchill was en route home from conferences with Stalin at Moscow in which Harriman took part. Churchill records in his memoirs (The Hinge of Fate, p. 474) that on 11 August on the way to Moscow he and Harriman attended with "various high British and American railway authorities" a long conference in the garden of the British Legation at which "it was decided that the United States should take over the whole Trans-Persian railway from the Gulf to the Caspian." If matters reached that point at that time, the decision was soon reviewed and limited. It is a moot point how close the United States came, at various times, to being given that logical, but, in view of the Soviet's exclusion of others from the northern zone, unlikely, solution to the railway problem. In the opinion of an American in close touch with Iranian affairs, the Russians would in time have accepted American operation of an undivided line, Gulf to Caspian, but were alienated from the necesary confidence by their distaste for General Connolly's firmness. This footnote to history, communicated to the author, is recorded not as fact but as opinion from a significant source.
11 Ltr, Connolly to Somervell, 1 Dec 42. OCofTrans, Hist Br-Overseas Comd, Pentagon.
12 See Ch. XI above, pp. 233-36 and n. 36.
13 (1) Rad 215, Standley to Dept State, 26 Feb 43. Case 7, OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO. ( 2 ) Min, Mtg of Representatives of Depts State and War, 1 Mar 43. Same file.
14 Rad AGWAR 2894, Connolly to Marshall for Spalding, info Harriman, 1 Nov 43. 384 Conduct of War, SL 9016.
15 (1) Documents cited n. 9. (2) Rpt on Financial Responsibility for the Iranian State Ry, 18 Jun 45, forwarded under covering Ltr, Gen Booth to Gen Marshall, 21 Jun 45. OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO.
16 (1) Rad AGWAR 1515, Connolly to Marshall, Somervell, and Rear Adm Andrew F. Carter, 14 Jun 43. 120 Funds, Disbursements, Laws, Regulations, SL 8979. (2) Rpt cited n. 15(2).
17 British Army Stf, Washington, to OPD, 22 Sep 43. Case 8, OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO.
18 Interv with Gen Connolly, Pentagon, 18 Aug 50.
19 (1) Stetson to Rhodes, 19 Jul 43. 336.01 International Agreements, SL 9012. (2) For Connolly's proposal see Case 8, OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO.
20 Rad, Marshall to Connolly, 5 Aug 43. OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO. A suggestion to cut the Gordian knot of authority by reviving, for the last time, the proposal for all-American operation from Gulf to Caspian appeared at this time. Memo, Stetson for OPD, 4 Aug 43. Same file.
21 Ltrs 410 and 1113, Mohamed Sa'ed to Dreyfus, 28 Apr, 15 Jun 43, 336.01 International Agreements, SL 9012 ; Ltrs 1548 and 2118, Sa'ed to Dreyfus, 11 Jul, 12 Aug 43, 092.2 Treaties and Agreements, SL 8978. The replies referred to, as well as texts of tentative agreements, will be found in these two files under the dates cited in the text.
22 Rad 1001, Dreyfus to Dept State, 16 Oct 43. Case 8, OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO.
23 Memo, 27 Aug 43, and atchd papers. OPD 123 ( 5 Aug 43 ) .
25 (1) Ltr, Dreyfus to Col Stetson, 2 Nov 43. 092.2 Treaties and Agreements, SL 8978. ( 2 ) Ltr, Col Stetson to Richard Ford, Charge d'Affaires, American Legation, Tehran, 6 Nov 43. Same file.
26 Memo, John J. McCloy, Budget Div, OCofS, prepared for OPD, 14 Mar 44. Case 10, OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO.
29 (1) Intervs with Col Stetson, Tehran, 3-4 Aug 45. ( 2 ) Correspondence by Col Stetson in 323.361 and 550.3, SL 9008.
30 The New York Times, March 28, 1946. This "final" settlement was followed by a supplementary settlement covering disposition of, and method of payment for, all wartime installations in the Middle East, signed at Washington on 12 July 1948. The New York Times, July 13, 1948.
31 The description of the railway derives from (1) HOTI, Pt. V, History of the 3d Military Railway Service, by 1st Lt Francis J. Lewis (cited hereafter as HOTI-V), pp. 3-5, PGF; and (2) MA Rpt 222 from Tehran, 14 Jan 44, MID 617 Iran, 14 Jan 44 (29 Dec 41).
32 (1) Rad cited n. 5 (1) . ( 2 ) Review and estimates of tonnage situation at end of 1941 in Report on Trans-Iranian Railway, by Capt. Paul F. Yount, 5 January 1942, and in British and American naval intelligence studies attached thereto or cited therein. WPD 4596 to -15 Iran (Persia) HRS DRB AGO.
33 (1) PAT Force History, II, 203, 8-10, 13. ( 2 ) Ltrs, Lt Col A. E. M. Walter, Asst Dir Trans, British Army Stf, to: Brig Gen T. H. Dillon, 19 Sep 42, sub: Locomotives and Rolling Stock-Persia; and Brig Gen Sidney P. Spalding, 25 Sep 42, sub: Rpt on Car Position on the ISR. OCofTrans, Hist Br-Overseas Comd. Pentagon.
35 (1) Rad, Gen Somervell to Gen Wheeler, 9 Sep 42, Hq, ASF, Theaters of Opns, PGC (12) 1942-1943, HRS DRB AGO. (2) GO 11, Hq, PGSC, 17 Dec 42.
36 The account of organizational matters is based upon: (1) HOTI-V, pp. 27-48. This entire study of 153 pages is valuable for its detailed field-level story of the whole railway operation. (2 ) Mil History, 711th Engr Ry Operating Bn, MRS, PGSC, Feb 43. PGF 45-A. (3) Mil History, Hq, MRS, PGSC, Mar, May 43, PGF 132-B, D. (4) Mil History, 762d Ry Diesel Shop Bn, MRS, 10 May, 7 Jun 43, PGF 60-D, E. (5) Organization Manuals filed under dates cited. PGF 240. (6) Mil History, Hq, 3d MRS, PGC, 1-31 Dec 44. PGF 132-X.
37 (1) Ch. X, p. 193, above. (2) Memo, CofS for Opns, SOS, for G-3, 20 Sep 42; Memo, ACofS, OPD, for G-3, 21 Sep 42. OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO.
38 (1) GO 3, Hq, MRS, 31 Mar 43. (2) Hist Rpt, Movements Br, Opns Div, Hq, PGSC, 16 May 43, p. 4. PGF 126-D.
39 (1) Situation Report on Railway Troop Units, by Chief, Mil Ry Br, to CofTrans, 19 Nov 42, SPTOR 320.2, as of 15 Nov 42, when they were transferred from Corps of Engineers pursuant to WD GO 60, 5 Nov 42. (2) Brig Gen Andrew F. McIntyre, "How the Army Has Learned to Railroad," Railway Age 117 (1944) 849-51 (2 Dee 44).
40 (1) Rpt of Labor Sec, Hq, 3d MRS, PGC, by Maj Henry Dawes, ISR Liaison and Labor Off, to Col Richard W. Cooper, Civ Pers Off, PGC, 12 Jan 45. PGF 132. (2) GO 23, Hq, PGC, 10 Apr 44. (3) U.S. Army Transportation in the Persian Corridor, 1941-1945, Monograph 25, Hist Unit, OCofTrans, ASF, Feb 46, by H. H. Dunham, pp. 172-73 (cited hereafter as Dunham). (4) No exact figure for Iranian employees of the ISR exists. The number was, moreover, variable. General Yount stated to the author that 15,000 was a reliable average figure for the whole period of operations. Of these, 8,000 were employed in the southern sector; 7,000, including all headquarters ISR office workers, in the Tehran area.
41 Ch. XVIII, pp. 381, 387-88, below.
42 The account of operational matters, except where otherwise noted, is based upon HOTI-V; and Hist Rpts, Hq, MRS. and 3d MRS, for periods given. PGF 132.
43 Opns Directive Consecutive 1, Hq, Opns Div, PGSC, signed by Col Theodore M. Osborne, ACofS, Opns, 30 Mar 43, sub: Target for April. PGF 26-A. First of a series of monthly target papers.
44 The account of car turnaround and relations with the Russians is based upon: (1) Interv with Gen Connolly, Pentagon, 18 Aug 50. (2) Dunham, pp. 155-59. (3) HOTI-V, pp. I I1-13. (4) Ltr, Yount to Col J. A. Appleton, 28 Apr 43, cited Dunham, p. 155. (5) HOTI, Pt. I, Ch. 8, Sec. 3, History of Movements Branch, Operations Division, Hq, PGC, prepared by Movements Branch, Operations Division, with Supplement by Laurence P. Corbett, and statistical appendix, Complete Summary of Port and Transportation Agencies Performance of PGC Operations through 31 May 1945, 5 July 1945, pp. 5, 27. PGF.
45 (1) Mil History, Hq, 3d MRS, PGC, 1-29 Feb 44, 1-31 Aug 44, PGF 132-N, T. (2) Memo, Col Curtis, Ex Off, Hq, 3d RS for CG, PGC, for CofS PGC, 31 May 45, sub: Aid and Favors to Russians. PGF 132. (3) Rpt of Ry Opns, Hq, 3d MRS, PGC, Sep 44, p. 2. PGF 132-U.
46 (1) Mil History, Hq, 3d MRS, 1-31 Jul 44, and 1-31 Aug 44, PGF 132-S, T. (2) PGC pamphlet, Souvenir of an Accomplisment, 15 Sep 44.
47 At one time General Connolly arranged with General Wilson of PAI Force for the U.S. command to assume full responsibility for railway security, but Washington vetoed the idea. Interv with Gen Connolly, Pentagon, 18 Aug 50.
48 (1) Report of Military Police Activities, PGC, United States Army, pp. 62-63. PGF 130. (2) HOTI-V, pp.96-100.
49 In mid-1942 the American military attache at Tehran was much concerned over British laxity in security matters on the railway. Col. H. Norman Schwarzkopf also reported unfavorable impressions he received on an inspection trip and these were relayed to Washington in October. But after an agitated attache report in March 1943 of inadequate British railway police arrangements, the files ,grow cooler on this subject. (1) MID 617 Iran 12-5-42 (12-29-41) and 8-24-42 (12-29-41) . ( 2 ) Cir 15, Hq, PGC, 7 Feb 44, as amended by Cir 37, 27 Mar 44.
50 Rpts of Ry Opns, Hq, 3d MRS, PGC : (1) May 44, p. 8. PGF 132-2-Q. ( 2 ) Apr 44, p. 7. PGF 132-1-Q. (3) Aug 44, p. 7. PGF 132-1-T. (4) Page 66 of Rpt cited n. 48(1).
51 (1) Rpt cited n. 40 (1) . ( 2 ) Mil History, Hq, MRS, PGSC, 1 Aug-31 Aug. PGF 132-H. (3) HOTI-V, p. 122-23. (4) Page 55 of Rpt cited n. 48(1).
55 Washington Post, March 29, 1947. Anticipating need for accounting of stewardship, General Connolly engaged the Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation of Boston to study the question. Their Report on Capital Improvements to the Property of the ISR during the Period of Allied Use of Its Facilities was submitted to him under date of 28 February 1945.
56 (1) Interv with Gen Connolly, Pentagon, 22 Aug 50. ( 2 ) Memo by Dir, 3d MRS, 18 Oct 44. AG 323.361, SL 9008. (3) Ltr, General Officer Commanding-m-Chief, PAIL, to HBM Embassy, Tehran, 21 Oct 44. Same file.
57 PGF 132 passim, especially Ltr, Col Besson to CG, PGC, 27 Nov 44, and atchd papers.
58 (1) HOTI-V p. 58 ( 2 ) Ltr, Col L. D. Curtis, former Ex Off and later CO, 3d MRS, to author, 4 Jun 48. ( 3 ) Intervs cited ns. 18, 56 (1) .
59 The account of labor matters is based upon (1) Rpt cited n. 40 (1) . ( 2 ) HOTI-V, pp. 101-08, 119-20, 1445. See also Table 13.
61 (1) HOTI-V, p. 67. (2) United States Army Dispatch, PGC, August 1, 1945.
62 (1) L. M. Winsor, "Irrigation in Iran," United States Army Dispatch, PGC, March 20 and 27, 1944. (2) For a description of the qanat, see Donald N. Wilber, Iran: Past and Present (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1948 ), pp. 121-23.
63 Equipment figures from: (1) Dunham, pp. 36-37. (2) HOTI-V, p. 69. (3) 3d Military Railway Service Equipment Section Records, cited HOTI-V, p. 69. (4) For the period of British operation, Dunham draws upon British reports and the Stone and Webster Report cited note 55. The two sources do not tally, but their differences are minor, and irrelevant to present purposes.
64 (1) Mil History, 754th Ry Shop Bn, 3d MRS, 12 Sep 44. PGF 102-T. (2 ) HOTI-V, p. 75.
65 Rpt of Ry Opns, Hq, MRS, PGC, Dec 43. PGF 132-I-L. For repair figures for June 1943 and December 1944, see PGF 132-T and PGF 132-1-X.
66 (1) Memo, Col Curtis, for CG, PGC, for CofS, 31 May 45, sub: Aid and Favors to Iranians, pp. 4-5. PGF 132. (2) HOTI-V, p. 70.
67 Rpt of Ry Opns, Hq, 3d MRS, PGC, Feb 45, p. 7. PGF 132-1-Z.
68 The account of railway signals is based upon: (1) Communications in the Persian Gulf Command, edited by Capt Sidney L. Jackson, Hist Sec, OCSigO, October 1944, pp. 5, 12, 13, 16, 18, 21. Filed as HOTI, Pt. I, Ch. 8, ec. 2. PGF. ( 2 ) Hist Rpt, Sig Serv, 16 Aug15 Dec 43. PGF 133-K. (3) Ltr, Brig Gen Samuel M. Thomas to Col A. F. Clark, Jr., 22 Apr 46. PGF 133.
69 Page 78 of Rpt cited n. 48 (1) .
70 Rad AGWAR 688, Gen Connolly to Gens Marshall and Somervell, 19 Feb 44. OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO.
71 (1) Memo cited n. 66 (1) . ( 2 ) HOTI-V, pp. 114-16.
72 (1) Mil History, Hq, 3d MRS, 1-31 Jan, 1-31 Mar 45. PGF 132-Y, 132-1-A. ( 2 ) Ltr, Ex Off to CofS, PGC, to Dir and Gen Mgr, MRS, 10 Apr 45, sub: Reduction in MRS Target. Secret and Security Room, ORB, RAC, Cabinet 18, Drawer 1, Folder 4, SL PGSC.
73 (1) Rpt of Ex Off to CofS, PGC, 25 Jun 45. PGF 251-C. (2) Ltr, ACofS for Opns, Hq, PGC, to Hq, Persia and Iraq Command, 27 Jun 45. 323.31, SL 9008. (3) GO 75, Hq, PGC, 15 Jul 45.
74 (1) ,Ltr, Hq, 3d MRS, to CG, PGC, 26 Jun 45. 092.2 U.S. Army, British Army, and Iranian State Railroad Agreements Covering Transfer of Railroad, SL 8978. Ltr covers agreements and exhibits referred to. (2) Rpt cited n. 55.
75 PGC Real Property Record, Mil Ry Serv, PGC-K, Pt. B, Vol. 1, Insert., Iranian State Railway. Drawer 2, Cabinet 247'7, SL AMET 60.
76 (1) Memo cited n. 66 (1) . ( 2 ) Table 5.
77 (1) Rad 288, Secy State to Wallace Murray, 8 Jun 45; and Rad 390, Murray to Secy State, 12 Jun 45. Case 15, OPD 617 Iran, Sp Coll, HRS DRB AGO. (2) Ltr, Actg Secy State to Secy War, 11 Jul 45. Case 18, same file.
page created 17 January 2002