Endnotes for Chapter I

1 George W. Williams, A History of the Negro Troops in the War o f the Rebellion 1861-1865 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1888); Theophilus G. Steward, The Colored Regulars in the U.S. Army (Philadelphia: A.M.E., 1904). In addition, many of the regiments of the United States Colored Troops and state regiments of the Civil War had their own histories.

 

2 Editorials, "Our Special Grievances" and "The Reward," The Crisis, XVI (September, 1918), 217. The first line here quoted is the last line of "Our Special Grievances"; the remainder is the opening section of "The Reward." The two editorials were printed in sequence as answers to criticisms of a previous editorial, "Close Ranks," in which the magazine had urged its readers to "forget our special grievances and close our ranks" in the fight for democracy.

 

3 Quoted in The Crisis, XVI (September, 1918) 238. The regiment referred to was the 371st Infantry 93d Division, assigned to the French 157th Division but operating with the French 68th Division.

 

4 Quoted in The Crisis, XVI (July, 1918) , 130-31, along with excerpts from the Buffalo Evening News, Brooklyn Times, Boston Evening Transcript, New York Times, and the New York Tribune. See also The Literary Digest, LVIII (September 7, 1918), 48, 50; Arthur W. Little, From Harlem to the Rhine (New York: Covici, Friede, 1936), 192-201.

 

5 "The Looking Glass: Over There," The Crisis, XVI (August, 1918) , 179.

 

6 "Croix de Guerre and Rare Praise for American Negro Troops," The Literary Digest, LX (January 18, 1919) , 55-56. The account continues with narratives of individual soldiers. For other accounts and comments see "The Looking Glass: Lost Echoes," The Crisis, XVII (January, 1919), 193.

 

7 "The Negro in the War: How French and American Black Troops Performed Deeds of Valor on Many Battlefields," Current History, XI (December, 1919) 540.

 

8 New York Times, February 18, 1919.

 

9 The Independent and Harpers' Weekly, XCVII (March 1, 1919), 286.

 

10 William S. McNutt, "Making Soldiers in Dixie," Collier's Weekly, LXI (April 27, 1918), 7. See also David L. Ferguson, "With This Black Man's Army," The Independent and Harpers' Weekly, XCVII (March 15, 1919) , 868, 385.

 

11 "Honor to Whom Honor Is Due;' The Outlook, CXXI (February 26, 1919) , 329.

 

12 Emmett J. Scott, Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War (Chicago: Homewood Press, 1919), pp 344-53.

 

13 Ibid., pp 64-65; "Army's Only Colored Colonel, 'Hero of Race,' Laid at Rest," Washington Evening Star, June 1, 1923 quoted in Abraham Chew, A Biography of Col. Charles Young ( Washington: R. L. Pendleton, 1923), pp7, 11-12

 

14 Editorial, "The Negro and the War Department," The Crisis, XVI (May, 1918) , 7-8.

 

15 The Crisis, XXVI (July, 1923), 106. See also William E. B. DuBois, The Gift of Black Folk (Boston: Stratford Co., 1924), p. 131.

 

16 Ltr, CG Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army, Colonia Dublan, Mexico, to TAG, 21 Aug 16, sub: Recommendation of Officers To Command Militia in Federal Service, quoted in The Crisis, XV (March, 1918), 218.

 

17 Addie W. Hunton and Kathryn M. Johnson, Two Colored Women with the American Expeditionary Forces (Brooklyn: Brooklyn Eagle Press, 1920), P. 43.

 

18 William E. B. DuBois, "The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914-1918," The Crisis, XVII (March, 1919) 223.

 

19 Scott, History of the American Negro in the World War, p. 97.

 

20 "Documents of the War," collected by William E. B. DuBois, The Crisis, XVIII (May, 1919) ; Scott, History of the American Negro in the World War, p. 438

 

21 Editorial, "The Negro Officer," National Service With the International Military Digest, V (March, 1919), 134.

 

22 Quoted from the New York Post in "The Looking Glass: Negro Officers," The Crisis, XVIII (June, 1919), 96.

 

23 Cf., "Rap," The Crisis, XVIII (May, 1919), 12-13; Charles H. Williams, Sidelights on Negro Soldiers (Boston: Brimmer, 1923) , pp. 74-76; Robert R. Moton, Finding A Way Out, An Autobiography (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920) , pp. 251-65.

 

24 Scott, History of the American Negro in the World War, pp. 417-25; Second Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of War on the Operations of the Selective Service System to December 20, 1918 (Washington, 1919), pp. 195-96; Monroe Mason and Arthur Furr, The American Negro Soldier with the Red Hand of France (Boston: Cornhill, 1920), pp. 115-17.

 

25 The World War I Camp Alexander at Hampton Roads was named for Lieutenant Alexander, second Negro graduate of West Point.

 

26 All quotations in this paragraph and the preceding three are from letters, William N. Colson and A. B. Nutt, "The Failure of the Ninety Second Division," The Messenger, II (September, 1919), 22-25. For later accounts by other participants see Howard H. Long, "The Negro Soldier in the Army of the United States," Journal of Negro Education, XII (1943) , 307-15: and Charles H. Houston, "Saving the World for Democracy," Pittsburgh Courier, July 20-October 12, 1940.

 

27 Scott, History of the American Negro in the World War, pp. 433, 439: William E. B. DuBois, "The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914-1918," The Crisis, XVII (March, 1919) , 223; William E. B. DuBois, "An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War," The Crisis, XVIII (June,1919) , 80-83; Colson and Nutt, article cited n. 26, above, p. 24; Hunton and Johnson, Two Colored Women with the AEF, p. 48; Long, article cited n. 26, above, passim; Williams, Sidelights on Negro Soldiers, pp. 163-66; Carter G. Woodson, The Negro in Our History (Washington: The Associated Pub­lishers, 1922) , p. 520 (1931 edition); Sgt. William O. Ross and Cpl. Duke L. Slaughter, With the 351st in France (Baltimore: Afro-American Co., 1919) ; Mason and Furr, The American Soldier with the Red Hand of France, passim.

 

28 Maj. Gen. Robert L. Bollard, Personalities and Reminiscences of the War (New York: Doubleday Page, 1925) , especially Chapter XXX.

 

29 Ibid., pp. 295-96. Brackets are in the original.

 

30 Ibid., p. 298.

 

31 Representative later accounts are: General John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War (New York: F. A. Stokes Co., 1931), 2 vols.; Maj. Gen. Robert Alexander, Memories of the World War, 1917-1918 (New York: Macmillan, 1931) ; William A. Percy, Lanterns on the Levee (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1940). Accounts by of­ficers of Negro units are: Capt. Chester D. Hey­wood, Negro Combat Troops in the World War: The Story of the 371st Infantry (Worcester, Mass.: Commonwealth Press, 1928) ; Little, From Harlem to the Rhine.

 

32 "Opinion of W. E. B. DuBois: Bollard," The Crisis, XXX (September, 1925), 218-29.

 

33 Letters and reports in AWC 127-3-24 (1920)

 

34 The 371st was a Southern draft regiment with all white officers; the 372d was a National Guard regiment from New England, Ohio, Maryland, and the District of Columbia in which white officers replaced most of the Negro officers.

 

35 This recommendation was bulwarked by a comparison of the performance of the separate regiments of the 93d with those of the 92d Di­vision.

 

36 Excerpts from Ltr, Col Charles C. Ballou to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 14 Mar 20, AWC 127-19.

 

37 Ltr, Col William P. Jackson, IGD, to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 28 Mar 20, AWC 127-16

 

38 Ltr, Maj Walter E. Prosser (CO 350th FA) to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 14 Apr 20, AWC 127-10.

 

39 Ltr, Maj Thomas A. Roberts to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 5 Apr 20, AWC 127-17.

 

40 Ibid.

 

41 Ltr, Col Perry L. Miles to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, undated but received 13 May 21, AWC 127-22.

 

42 Ltr, Col Vernon A. Caldwell to Asst Comdt Gen Staff College, 14 Mar 20, AWC 127-15. Colonel Caldwell had commanded a Negro company in Cuba and in the Philippines in the War with Spain. For a time, he commanded the 365th Infantry in France.

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