Endnotes for Chapter XV

1 The 41st Engineer General Service Regiment was given a first priority on the basis of excellence in training, with two white general service regiments following immediately behind it. The gist, 92d, 93d, 94th, 95th, 96th, 97th, and 98th Engineer Battalions, all of which were to become general service regiments; the 76th and 77th Engineer Light Ponton Companies, with six white ponton companies placed ahead of them; and the 18th Field Artillery Brigade, with one white and one Negro regiment, were all considered ready to go. By 1 February, the 45th Engineer General Service, Regiment and the 184th Field Artillery and, by April, the 46th Field Artillery Brigade were among the units expected to be ready. Memo, ODCofS GHQ for G-3, 24 Dec 41, with Incl, GHQ 353 TnK.

2 Min Gen Council, 17 Mar 42, p. 4.

3 The Panama immigration laws, providing that Negroes whose native language was not Spanish could not be admitted to Panamanian territory, were of considerable importance in Panama's internal politics in the late thirties and during the war. By agreement between the United States and Panama, these laws were enforced in the Canal Gone, with the United States reserving the right to admit its Negro citizens to the zone for temporary work. Executive Agreement Series 452-General Relations, "Agreement between the United States of America and Panama . . . May 18, 1942" (Washington, 1945) , p. 6; Ltr, Office of Dist Engr, Panama Engr Dist to CofE, 13 Apr 42, OCE 291.2; Annual Report of the Governor of the Panama canal, 1942 (Washington, 1946) , p. 114.

4 Memo, NVPD for CofS, 25 Mar 42, OPD) 201.2. Secretary Stimson's comments are written rnarginally in ink and initialed "H. L. S." See also Cable 1045, Brett to AGWAR, 25 Mar 42, in WDCSAUSAFIA Incoming Radios, Book 11; Merno, DCofS GHQ for yWPD, 20 Feb 42, OPD 4440-28, on attitudes of commanders and local authorities to the use of Negro troops in their areas.

5 Memo, G-1 for TAG, 4 Apr 42, and revised proposals, 22 Apr, 30 Apr 42, both in G-1/1)640-2.

6 Memo, CG AAF for CofS, 14 Apr 42, G-1/ 15640-2.

7 CM-IN 4619 (4-19-42), London to AGWAR, OPD 291.21 (3-4-42); Memo, OPD for G-1, 23 Apr 42, OPD 291.21/4.

8 Memo, OPD for Exec OPD, 25 Apr 42; Memo, Exec OPD for Chief Strategy and Policy Gp and Chief Theater Gp, 25 Apr 42, OPD 291.21/4. For the BOLERO plan, and other aspects of the developing military strategy of 1942, see Maurice Matlofl and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941-1942, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR 11 (Washington, 1953) .

9 Ltr, TAG to CG's AAF, AGF, SOS, 13 Star 42, AG 291.21(3-31-42).

10 Memo, Chief Logistics Gp for Chief Theater Gp OPD, 5 Feb 43, OPD File, Statistical Data Concerning Negro Troops, No. 60.

11 Memo, G-3 for WPD, 25 Mar 42, ZVDGCT 291.21 (3-25 42).

12 Memo, WPD for CofS, 25 Mar 42, OPD 291.2. To this, Secretary Stimson noted marginally, "Good."

13 Rad 41, MacArthur to Marshall, 29 "far 42, in OPD Exec lo, Item 7d, in answer to Rad 875, Marshall to MacArthur, 25 Mar 42, in NVDCSA binder USAFIA-Outgoing Rads.

14 The distribution on 12 May 42 was as follows:

Place	Present	En Route	Projected
Total	15,679	1,459	22,629
Alaska	0	0	3,825
Australia	6,364	186	0
British Isles	0	811	12,887
Efate	3,348	0	0
Hawaii	0	0	1,015
India	35	440	2,018
Liberia	0	22	2,884
New Caledonia	1,376	0	0
Panama	249	0	0
Tongatabu	1,823	0	0
Trinidad	2,484	0	0

Source: Memo, Col C. A. Russell, Theater Gp OPD, for Gen Eisenhower, 12 May 42, OPD 291.21/6; Memo, CofS for SW, 13 May 42, WDCSA 291.21 (6-12-42).

15 Negroes were in the following places on 31 December 1942:

Place	Number	Percentage
Alaska	53,709	5.61
Northwest Service Command	1,206	1.34
Panama	3,941	28.30
Puerto Rico	253	0.41
Trinidad	836	2.88
British Isles	2,341	18.82
Iceland	7,315	6.85
Northwest Africa	213	0.59
Aitutaki	8,688	4.09
Canton	412	51.40
Christmas	188	8.19
Efate	193	10.67
Espiritu Santo	4,059	69.00
Hawaii	2,360	22.75
New Caledonia	5,540	4.63
Penhryn	1,397	5.15
Tongatabu	424	52.25
Australia and New Guinea	1,793	47.60
India, China and Burma	8,025	8.14
Egypt	2,523	16.32
Kenya	402	2.53
Liberia	261	100.00
Persian Gulf	1,086	92.60
	253	4.63

Source: Monthly Strength of the Army, 31 Dec 42, AGO 320.2 (12-31-42) PM-0.

16 Summnary Rpt of Conf with Gen Peterson and Gen Davis, OTIG, n.d., Notes on Confre Colored Troops, OPD File Colored Question (Closed) .

17 As visualized in April 1942, Task Force 5880 (Little Joe, Structure) , destined for Liberia, contained only Negro units.

18 Memo, G-2 for COB, 3 Jun 42, OPD 291.21/9.

19 Routing Form, OPD, 3 Jun 42, OPD 291.21/9.

20 Memo, OPD for G-2, 6 Jul 42, OPD 291.2 1/9.

21 Ibid

22 Memo, G-2 for OPD, 17 Jun 42, OPD 291.21/4.

23 Ibid., note attached.

24 Memo, OPD for G-2, 30 Jun 42, OPD 291.21/ 12.

25 1st Ind, to Memo, OPD for G-2, 2 Jul 42, OPD 291.21/12.

26 Memo, G-2 for OPD, 17 Jun 42, OPD 291.21/4.

27 See September 192 exchanges in SPLS 1000, Plan for Operation of Certain Iranian Communication Facilities between Persian Gulf Ports and Teheran by U.S. Army Forces, and T. H. Vail Motter, The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1952), pp. 189ff.

28 Papers in OPD 322.97/3.

29 Ltr, CO Co C, 27th QM Truck Regt, to CG SOS, 12 Sep 42, SP 320.2 (9-12-42) .

30 Ibid.

31 Papers in OPD 322.97/3.

32 Thomas M. Pitkin, Quartermaster Equipment for Special Forces, QMC Historical Studies, 5. Hist Sec, OQMG, Feb 44, pp. 61, 64.

33 Rpt of Inspection of QM Activities at Alaska and Northwestern Canada, 9 Dec 42 to 25 Jun 43, OQMG R&D Br Reading File.

34 Memo, Secy of Interior for ASW, 14 Jun 43, inclosing Memo, Ruth Gruber for Secy of Interior, OPD 291.21/39; Memo, MPD Transportation Corps, for MPD ASF, 19 Jun 43, OPD 322.9;/15.

35 Min Gen Council, 18 Aug 42.

36 Memo, QMG for CG SOS, 4 Mar 43, SPQEQ 422.3 (Arctic Clothing).

37 DF, G-4 for OPD, 16 Mar 43, SVDGS 290,5.

38 Critic, "A London Diary," The New Statesman and Nation, XXIV (August 22, 1942),121.

39 K. L. Little, "Colored Troops in Britain," The New Statesman and Nation, XXIV (August 29, 1942) , 141. See also, "Poor Relations," Time, XLII (December 6, 1943), 36; George W. Goodman, "The Englishman Meets the Negro," Common Ground, V (Autumn, 1944) , 3-11. Cf. Nevil Shute, The Chequer Board (New York: William Morrow, 1947) and John Cobb, The Gesture (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948) for realistic, though fictional, treatments of the subject from the points of view of the British townsfolk and American white troops, respectively.

40 Critic, "A London Diary", p. 121; Ltr, Brig Moreton F. Gage, n.d., OPD 291.21/31.

41 Little, "Colored Troops in Britain."

42 Memo, SOS for OPD, 24 Sep 42, OPD 322.97/4; Ltr, Coordinator of Information, London to Dir OWI, Washington, 1 Sep 42, OPD 291.21/31.

43 On the handling of this problem by the European theater, 1942-45, see Chapter XX, below.

44 R&RS, Hq AAF, War Orgn and Movement, to Tactical Sec, 17 Mar 42, AAF 370.22 B Expeditionary Forces-Campaigns.

45 Ltr, Actg TSG to All Surgeons and Defense Comds and WAF in Overseas Bases, 18 Nov 42, SPMCP 291.2; TAG Ltr, 28 Mar 42, AG 320.2 (2-26-42) MR-M-C.

46 Memo, Surgeon Hq AGF for CG AGF, 29 May 42, and Memo, Hq AGF for G-3, 18 Jun 42, AGF 320.2/4444.

47 DF, OPD to G-3, 23 Jan 43, OPD 320.2 (1-15- 43).

48 Memo, Asst to TSG to OPD SOS, 15 Jan 43, and Incl, Memo, SOS Opns for G-3, SGO 291.21943; Memo, SOS for TSG, 16 Jan 43, and lst Ind, SGO to SOS Opns, 1 Feb 43, SPOPU 320.2 (1-16-43) ; Memo, G-3 for CG SOS, 2 Feb 43, WDGCT 320.2 Gen (1-15-43) ; Memo, SOS Opns for Chiefs of Svs, 6 Feb 43, SPOPU 381.2 (2-6-43) ; OTSG Memo for Record on Conf on Sanitary Cos, 12 Feb 43, SGO 291.2-1943.

49 Memo, G-3 for OPD, 2 Dec 42, WDGCT 291.21 (12-2-42).

50 Memo, OPD for G-3, 9 Feb 43, OPD 320.2 (12-2-42 ).

51 Ltr, Hq AAF to CG AGF, 12 Nov 42, AAF 322-A Bns.

52 Memo, OPD for G-3, 9 Feb 43, OPD 320.2 (12-2-42).

53 Memo, AAF for G-3, 29 Dec 42, AAF 322-A Bns.

54 T/O 7-415, 13 Apr 43,

55 R&RS, ACofAS, Opns, Commitments, Rqmts, Theater Br to ACofAS, OC&R, Rqmts Div Air Defense Br, 11 May 43, Comment 4, AAF 381-E (Readiness).

56 Ltr, Hq AAF to CG AGF, 23 Apr 43 and 1st Ind, AGF for AAF, 7 Jun 43, AAF 322-A Bns; Memo, ACofAS Opus, Commitments, Rqmts fo1 DCofS, 20 May 43, AAF 322-A Bns; Memo, CG AAF for CofS (attention OPD), 29 Jun 43, AAF 3705 I.

57 Memo, G-2 for OPD, 17 Jun 42, OPD 291.21/12.

58 Memo, OPD to G-1, 4 Sep 42, OPD 291.21/29.

59 Ltr, Hq IBC to CG Fld Forces, 6 Jan 42; Ltr, CG Fld Forces to TAG, 18 Feb 42; and M/S, GHQ CWS to G-3, 3 Feb 42; all in AGF 320.2/194 (Indigo) binder 4.

60 Memo, Hq AGF for OPD, 4 Nov 42, AGF 370-5/558.

61 Memo for Record on G-3 M/S, G-3 Tug Br to Exec G-3, 24 Aug 43, WDGCT 291.21 (24 Aug 43); Incl to Memo, G-3 for CG AGF, 25 Aug 43, WDGCT 380.5 (2 Jan 43) .

62 New Caledonia (Patch) to AGWAR (Marshall) CM-IN 0997 (6-4-42) ; Memo, Hq AGF for G-3, 14 Jun 42, AGF 291.2; GNOPN/04574 (6-8-42) in G-3 291.21, vol I; New Caledonia (Harmon) to AGWAR (Marshall) , CM-IN 12580 (27 Jan 43).

63 Memo, Hq AGF for OPD, 4 Nov 42, AGF 370-5/558.

64 Memo, G-3 for CG's Major Comds, 25 Mar 43, WDGCT 353 Amph (1-9-43) ; Ind A to Ltr, USAFAF to G-3, 8 Apr 43, AGF 353/70 (Amph Tng); Memo, G-3 for CG's Major Comds, 26 May 43, WDGCT 353 (5-18-43)

65 Memo, Hq AGF for G-3, 18 Jun 43, AGF 353/72 (Amph) .

66 Memo, G-3 for CG AGF, 14 Jul 43, WDGCT 353 Amph (18 Jun 43) .

67 Memo for Record on M/S, G-3 Tng to Ex0 G-3, 24 Aug 43, WDGCT 291.21 (24 Aug 43)

68 "Hastie Resigns," The Crisis, L (February, 1943), 40. See also Pittsburgh Courier, February 20, 1943.

69 "Maneuvers Nail Lie," The Crisis, 1. (June, 1943), 167.

70 Memo, ACofAS Opus, Commitments, and Rqmts for DCofS, 20 May 43, AAF 322-AB; Min Gen Council, 31 May 43.