Endnotes for Chapter XVII

1 Ltr, Walter White to SW, y Nov 43, AGF 322/5 (93d Inf Div) ; Ltr, Lawrence V. Jordan, West Va. High School Principals' Conf, to SW, y Nov 43, AG 291.2; Ltr, Roy Wilkins, NAACP, to SW, 18 Nov 43, AG 291.2

2 M/S, AGF G-9 to C&RD, 29 Sep 43, AGF X20.2/6042.

3 Memo, AGF for ASW, 25 Oct 43, AGF 341/1 159 GNGSE (25 Oct 43) .

4 Memo, AGF for CofS (G-3), 2 Mar 44, AGF 321/107 (FA).

5 Memo, AGF for Cofs (G-3) , 9 Nov 43, AGF 320.2/12 (TUB) (30 Oct 43)-GNGCT; Memo, G-3 for AGF, 16 NOV 43, WDGCT 322 (29 Oct 43).

6 Memo, TIG for DCofS, 1 Jan 44, IG 312.1 Misc.

7 Memo, G-3 for DCofS, 6 Jan 44, WDGCT 291.21 (1 Jan 44) . Italics in original.

8 Memo, G-1 for CofS, 13 Jan 44, WDGAP/291.2, app. DCofS, 20 Jan 44.

9 From the best figures available the Operations Division reported that on 3r December 1949 the
following distributions prevailed:
Distribution Number
  of Men
Negro strength in United States 420,445 
Negro strength overseas 213, 894
Percentage of Negroes in Army 8.5
Negro percentage of overseas strength 8.7
 
Memo, OPD for ASW, 21 Jan 44, OPD 322.87 (6 Jan 44) , Tab D.

10 Memo, OPD for ASW, 21 Jan 44, and attached pencil note, OPD 322.87 (6 Jan 44) , app. by DCofS, 28 Jan 44. Italics in original.

11 Marshall to Harmon, 24 Jan 43, CM-OUT 8099, and Msg 274, Harmon to Marshall, 27 Jan 43. CM-IN 12580, both in OPD Log File, Jan 43.

12 Marshall to CG Hawaiian Dept, CM-OUT 1303, 3 Feb 43

13 Memo for Record, OPD 370.5 PTO (2-3-43) Plan for Transfer of Infantry Division from Hawaii to South Pacific, 3 Feb 43, OPD 370.5 Hawaii, sec. IV, 118.

14 Ltr, CG USAF Central Pacific Area to TAG, 12 Dec 43, OPD 370.5 Hawaii (12 Dec 43), sec. IV, 117.

15 Marshall to Harmon, 23 Dec 43, CM-OUT 8913, info copy to MacArthur.

16 Marshall to Richardson, 23 Dec 43, CM-OUT 8912.

17 COMGENSOPAC to AGWAR for OPD, info to CINCPAC, CINCWESPAC, COMSOPAC, 27 Dec 43, No. 5029, in OPD Cable File IN, 1-31 Dec 43.

18 Memo, OPD for TAG, 1 Jan 44, issued as Ltr, TAG to CG USAFICPA, et al 2 Jan 44, OPD 370-5/AN (1 Jan 44).

19 Incl, Tab B to Memo, AGF for G-3, 27 Sep 43, AGF 270-5/25 (2 Jan 43).

20 Memo, AGF for OPD, 14 Oct 43, AGF 291.2/ 25; DF, OPD to CG AGF, 19 Oct 43, AGF 291.2/11.

21 Memo, AGF for OPD, 25 Oc 43, AGF 291.2/11; DF, OPD for G-1, G-3, and AGF, 30 Oct 43, OPD 291.21 (14 Oct 43).

22 Memo, OPD for CofS, 20 Apr 43, OPD 322.87 (4-14-43)

23 Ltr, TAG to CG Second Corps Area, 13 Dec 41, AG 370.5 (12-11-41) MC-C-M; Ltr, TAG to CG Second Corps Area, 26 Apr 42, AG 370.5 (4­22-42) MC-E-M; Memo, OPD for CofS, 20 Apr 43, OPD 322.87 (4-14-43) . 

24 Memo, Actg SW for Secy to President, 24 Apr 43. OPD 322.87 (4-14-43); Memo, USW for CofS, 25 May 43, WDCSA 322.87 (5-25-43)

25 Memo, Actg Civ Aide to SW for ASW, 7 Sep 43, ASW 291.2 NT-Com; Memo, Gen Davis for ASW, to NOV 43, ASW 291.2 NT-Com 43-44.

26 Msg, Algiers to WAR (signed Eisenhower), 14 Nov 43, CM-IN 8875 (15 Nov 43) .

27 Memo, G-3 for DCofS, 20 Nov 43, WDGCT 291.21 (20 Nov43), and RS, REP to Chief Orgn Mobilization Br, 15 Nov 43, attached to copy of above in G-3 files.

28 Memo, OPD for DCofS, 26 Nov 43, RF, ASGS for OPD, 2 Dec 43, and DF, OPD for G-3, 3 Dec 43, all in OPD 320.2 (20 Nov 43).1

29 Rad, AGWAR to NATO, 20 Nov 43, CM-OUT 7832; Rad, NAAF (Gen Spaatz) to CG NATOUSA, 24 NOV 43, NATOUSA-IN 15496; Rad, NATO (Eisenhower) to AGWAR (Marshall), 26 Nov 43. W6174/5807, CM-IN 16283, 26 Nov 43. 

30 Rad, WD to CG NATO, 28 Nov 43, CM-OUT 11164, 28 Nov 43; Rad WD to CG NATO, 29 Nov 43, CM-OUT 11483, 29 Nov 43; Rad, NATO to WD, 1 Dec 43, CM-IN 395, 1 Dec 43; Rad, WD to CG NATO, 4 Dec 43, CM-OUT 1992, 6 Dec 43.

31 Book Msg, WD to Eisenhower repeated Royce for Sadler, AMSME 772, 3 Nov 43; CG NATO (Eisenhower) to AGWAR (Marshall), W-5953 CM-OUT 23 Nov 43, Microrcel 512/27 AFHQ G-3 Opns Div 52/4 on 106/F Job 10, Box 6, AGO Records.

32 Ltr, Fish to SW, 1 Feb 44, congressional Record, 90, February 9, 1944, A660.

33 Ltr, SW to Fish, 19 Feb 44, WDLLD/250-49; Congressional Record, 90, February 23, 1944, 2007­2008 reprints the letter in full.

34 Ibid.

35 Congressional Record, 90, February 23, 1944. 2007-2008.

36 Memo, Civ Aide to SW for ASW, 23 Feb 44. ASW 291.2 NT-Alpha.

37 Ltr, Dawson to McCloy,19 Feb 44, WDCSA 291.2 Negroes (25 Feb 44).

38 "Negro Democrats Urged to Laud Administration," Washington Post, February 26, 1944.

39 Ltr, Dawson to McCloy, 28 Feb 44, ASW 291.2 NT-Combat. The Pittsburgh Courier, under the byline of John P. Davis of its Washington Bureau, quoted Dawson as saying "Secretary Stimson should resign immediately"; a mass meeting sponsored by the Chicago Citizens Committee of 1,000 and the National Negro Council adopted a resolution calling for the removal of Secretary Stimson "for the good of the morale of all true Americans regardless of race, creed, or color" (Chicago Tribune, February 28, 1944) ; and the Baptist Conference of Chicago indorsed the resolution, with one minister asserting that if the President did not remove Stimson, 10,000 Negro ministers should proceed to Washington to emphasize their demand (Chicago Tribune, February 29 1944).

40 Ltr, Dawson to McCloy, 28 Feb 44, ASW 291.2 NT-Combat. Most of the officers from the two Illinois units went later to the 597th and booth Field Artillery Battalions, 92d Division, which then became the only all-Negro staffed combat elements of the division.

41 Ltr, Taft to McCloy, 28 Feb 44, ASW 291.2 NT-Combat (3 Mar 44) .

42 Ltr, Hastie to SW, 29 Feb 44, ASW 291.2 NT­Combat.

43 Memo, Exec to ASW for Chief Legislative and Liaison Div, 29 Feb 44, and S/S, L&LD for ASW, 3 Mar 44, both in ASW 291.2 NT-Combat.

44 Ltr, ASW to Taft, 6 Mar 44, ASW 291.2 NT­Combat.

45 The 2d Cavalry Division, then arriving in Oran, had not actually been converted and in­activated in its entirety at this date. Inactivation began on 26 February 1944 and continued through 12 June 1944. AG 322 (8 Apr 44) OB-I-GNGCT­M, m Apr 44; 3d Ind, Hq NATOUSA, 31 Jul 44, on AG 322 (31 Jul 44) OB-I; Ltr, Hq SOS NATO, 23 Mar 44, 322-Cav (SSAG) .

46 Ltr, Roy Wilkins, Actg Secy NAACP, to SW, 23 Mar 44, ASW 291.2 NT-Combat. This was the third of a series of NAACP inquiries on conversions, but the first on the 2d Cavalry Division. See Ltrs 2 and 9 Mar 44, and Ltr, ASW to Roy Wilkins, 5 Apr 44, ASW 291.2 NT-Combat.

47 See Ltrs, ASW to Clifton E. Jones (Chicago) 21 Mar 44, ASW to Mrs. Adelaide C. Hill, Exec Secy Englewood Urban League, Englewood, N.J., 5 Apr 44, and ASW to Roy Wilkins, 5 Apr 44, all in ASW 291.2 NT-Combat.

48 Ltr, Hastie to SW, 29 Feb 44, ASW 291.2 NT­Combat.

49 RS, Office of the Admin Asst (John W. Martyn) to ASW, 3 Mar 44, ASW 291.2 NT-Combat.

50 Memo, TIG for DCofS, 1 Jan 44, WDCSA 291.2/1 (1944 Binder).

51 Memo, Secy Advisory Com for the members of the Advisory Com, 28 Feb 44, ASW 291.2 NT­Combat.

52 African troops were used in Burma, in the Mediterranean, and in the Ethiopian and Somaliland campaigns by the British. See E. E. Sabben­Clare, "African Troops in Asia," African Affairs, XLIV (October, 1945) , 151-57; Gerald Hanley, Monsoon Victory (London: Collies, 1946) ; General Sir William Platt, "Studies in Wartime Organization: (6) East African Command," African Affairs, XLV (January, 1946) , 27-35; Brigadier F. A. S. Clarke, "The Development of the West African Forces in the Second World War," The Army Quarterly, LV (October, 1947), 58-73.

53 Min Advisory Com, 29 Feb 44, ASW 291.2 NTC.

54 Memo, ASW for SW, 2 Mar 44, inclosing formal recommendation, WDCSA 291.2/13 Negroes (1944) .

55 Memo, G-3 for ASW, 4 Mar 44, WDGCT 291.21 (4 Mar 44), inclosing monograph, Employment of Negro Personnel in the Army, and Memo, OPD for G-3, 3 Mar 44, OPD 320.2 (3 Mar 44)

56 Ibid.

57 Ibid. The limitation expressed here was a new refinement of policy reflecting the problems of the halfyear just past, including the abandonment of proportionate representation attempts in the 1944 Troop Basis.

58 Ibid.. Italics in original.

59 Ltr, ASW for Representative William L. Dawson, 6 Mar 44, ASW 291.2 NTC.

60 Ltr, ASW to Roy Wilkins, NAACP, 5 Apr 44, WDCSA 291.2/23. This letter mistakenly referred to the 24th Infantry Division instead of regiment.

61 Memo for Record, 7 Mar 44, OPD 30.5 Hawaii Mar 44) ; CM-OUT 2853 (7 Mar 44); Memo, OPD for DCofS, 8 Mar 44, OPD 322.87 (8 Mar 44) . Twothirds of the 93d Division. (9,m2) had arrived in the South Pacific, 4,888 were en route, and 300 had not yet departed. Memo, Trp Mvmt Sec OPD for Gen Russell, 6 Mar 44, OPD 322.87 (8 Mar 44)

62 CM-ICI 5952 (9 Mar 44); Memo, OPD for DCofS, 9 Mar 44, OPD 322.87 (9 Mar 44)

63 Memo, G-3 for CG AGF, 7 Mar 44, WDGCT 291.21 (7 Mar 44).

64 Memo, ASW for Gen Marshall, 13 Mar 44, WDCSA 291.2/13.

65 Msg, Devers for Handy, to Jun 44, OPD In Log F-97372.

66 A description of POM procedures, and a discussion of attendant problems as seen from the point of view of Army Ground Forces, will be found in Bell I. Wiley, "The Preparation of Units for Overseas Movement," in Palmer, Wiley, and Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, pp. 561-618, in this series.

67 EAUTC, MacDill Fld, Fla., Hist Rpt, folder 1 (18 Mar 43-1 Aug 44) , AF Archives.

68 Min Gen Council, 12 Apr 43.

69 Ibid., 9 Aug 43.

70 ist Ind, CO 827th TD Bn to CG TDC, Gp Hood. Tex., 9 Nov 43, on Lit, Hq TDC, OTIG to CG TDC, Gp Hood, Tex., 30 Sep 43, 827 TD Files 333.1, AGO Records.

71 Memo for Record, OPD, 4 Feb 44, OPD 370.5 Hawaii (4 Feb 44).

72 Ltr, Hq Fourth Army to CG AGF, 25 Apr 44. AGF G-3 Sec, Misc Div, Maneuver Br, Fourth Army Maneuver Rpts, 1944.

73 Min Gen Council, 4 Sep 44.

74 For an example, see Status Report, 466th CA (AA) Bn (AW) (Sem), AGF 370.5/82 (CAC).

75 Ltr, Inf Sch to CG R&SC, 9 Jan 43, ist Ind, Hq R&SC to CG AGF, 13 Jan 43, and 2d Ind, AGF to CG R&SC, 19 Jan 43, all in AGF 210.31/1 (EMC) 

76 Ltr, Hq 2d Cav Div, Cp Funston, Kans., to CG Second Army, 28 May 41, Div Files 353, AGO, filed with 9th Armd Div papers, AGO Records.

77 Memo, ACT for G-1, Aug 42, ACT 333.1/1229­GNGAP-A (6-26-42) ; 93d Div Files, 320.2 Cadre and 320.2 Strength, AGO Records.

78 See Maj. Robert F. Cocklin, "Report on the Negro Soldier," Infantry Journal, LIX (December, 1946). 15-17.

79 Notes on War Council, 27 Jul 42, WDCSA Files. 

80 Memo, McNarney for McNair, 11 Oct 42, AGF 3542/7 (Desert) .

81 The two Negro regiments of the original 2d Cavalry Division had participated in the Arkansas maneuvers of 1941-the same maneuvers which had produced the original uneasiness over the use of Negro troops in Southern maneuver areas after the Gurdon incidents of that summer.

82 Ltr, CG 93d Inf Div for IG Third Army, 25 Apr 43, 93d Div Files 250 Disc.

83 Ltr, CG 93d Div to CG Third Army, 23 Feb 43. 93d Div Files 210.

84 Ibid.

85 1st Ind to Ltr cited n. 83, above, Hq Third Army to CG 93d Div, 6 Mar 43.

86 Ltr, Representative A. Leonard Allen (La.) to TAG, 15 Apr 43, inclosing Ltr dated 12 Apr 43 from Mrs. Lizzie Rains, Marthaville, La., and Ltr, TAG to CG Third Army, 10 May 43, both in AG 291.21 (4-15-43) OB-C.

87 Ltr, City Council, City of De Bidder, to SW, 29 Jun 43, AG 291.2 (29 Jun 43)(19)

88 Memo, Col Stanley M. Prouty, CofS 93d Inf Div, 9 Apr 43, and Memo, Prouty to Gen Miller, n.d., both in 93d Div Files 370.

89 General Haislip in conference, 11 April, with division and principal unit commanders, quoted in Lt Francis G. Smith, Hist of Third Army, Study 17, Hist Sec AGF, 1846, p. 62; M/S, AGF Misc Div G-3 to ACT G-3, 14 Apr 43, AGF Brief of Problems, Third Army, Maneuver 2.

90 Ltr, Hq AGF to CG Third Army, 31 May 43. ACT 354.2/75 Louisiana-1943)-GNGCT.

91 AGF Study y, p. 73.

92 Ibid; Gen McNair in Gen Council, 3 May 43

93 ACT Study 17, pp. 73, 140, 266n. Two of the four Director Headquarters officers interviewed by the Third Army historical officer also disagreed with the 93d's unsatisfactory rating.

94 Bell I. Wiley, "The Building and Training of Infantry Divisions," in Palmer, Wiley, and Keast, The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops, p. 470.

95 Ltr, McNair to CG DTC, 9 Sep 43, AGE 350.02/223 (AGF).

96 AGF G-9 File folder 44 (99d Div).

97 93d Files 320.21, Rpts of Off Strength, AGO Records.

98 Memo, Hq 93d Div to Distribution, 30 Jun 43, and Ltr, Hq 93d Inf Div to CO 369th Inf, 9 Jul 43, both in 93d Inf Div Files, AGO Records.

99 M/S, Misc Div AGF, ig May 43, AGF Third Army Maneuvers 1943, item 94. The 2d Cavalry was to go to the Desert Training Center so as not to overburden Louisiana communities with two Negro divisions in the same period.

100 M/S, Misc Div AGF G-3,19 May 43, concurred in by Trp Movmts, Armd Forces, Trig, same file.

101 Ltr, CofS ACT to CG Third Army, 18 Sep 43, AGF 25.02/228-GNGCT.

102 Ltr, Norman J. Farrell, Forest Supervisor, Cleveland National Forest, Cal., to Brig Gen Thoburn K. Brown, 27 Sep 43, Corresp Files 4th Cav Brigade, AGO Records.

103 Capt Jack N. Beardwood, Hist of Fourth Army, AGF Hist Sec, 1946, pp. 23ff; Ltr, Hq Fourth Army to CG AGF, 25 Apr 44, 353 GNMDC, AGF Fourth Army Manpower Rpts, 1944. Headquarters XVIII Corps, the 8th Armored, 11th Armored, 44th Infantry, and 75th Infantry Divisions also participated in these maneuvers.

104 Memo initialed J.G.C. for CG AGF, 24 Jun 43, reporting telephone conversation with Lt Gen Courtney H. Hodges, ACT 322/2 (92d Inf Div); comments in Min Gen Council, various dates.

105 Comments of Gen Almond, CG 92d Div, Two­Sided Maneuvers, 7th Phase, Sixth Maneuver Period, 4 Apr 44, AGF 1944 Louisiana Maneuver Area Critiques, Sixth Maneuver Period, Seventh Phase.

106 Interoffice Ref Sheet, 92d Div CofS to CG and GS, 14 Jan 44, Doc 354, Sheet 9, 92d Div Files.

107 Ltr, Hq Fourth Army to CG ACT, 9 May 44, AGF 322/6 (92d Inf Div).

108 Notes, CofS 92d Div, 15 Oct 44, Incl,1 (Hist) Combat Efficiency Analysis, 92d Div Files.

109 Memo, CofS AGF, 6 Jul 44, re USW's Inspec­tion Trip. This memo, according to cover note, was dictated by General McNair before he left for the ETO. Book No. 20/23 Jun-12 Jul 44, OPD Exec Files.

110 Ibid., Memo, USW Patterson to CON, 4 Jul 44, re Inspection Trip to Four Divisions in the West, OPD Exec Files.

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