Endnotes for Chapter XX

1 Maj. John F. Saxon QMC, and Maj. Roy D. Geiser, QMC, "Service Units in New Caledonia," The Quartermaster Review, XXIV (March-April 1945)

2 GO1, par. 1, Air Base Hq, MacDill Fld, Fla. 1942.

3 Hist 810th Engr Avn Bn From Activation to 31 Dec 43 (Lt Kenneth Z. Crumrine), AF Archives.

4 Hist 811th Avn Bn (ist Lt Charles H. Schafer), AF Archives.

5 Min Gen Council, 26 Aug 42.

6 Hist 810th Engr Avn Bn, AF Archives.

7 Hist USAFFE, 1943-1945, app. 10, OCMH files. 

8 Ibid.; Notes on Conf with 810th Avn Engr Bn, 1928th Avn Engr Co, 1929th Engr Avn Co, Col George Mayo, AAF Engr, Washington, D.C., 12 Jun 45, AF Archives.

9 Ibid

10 Units sometimes noted that inspecting and supervisory personnel were frankly skeptical of their capabilities, especially if they had both Negro and white officers. See Ltr, Hq 376th Engr Bn, Separate, to Engr Off Peninsular Base Sec (Italy), 23 Mar 45.

11 Hist 811th Avn Engr Bn (1st Lt Saul Cohen) 23 Sep-18 Dec 44, AF Archives.

12 Diary .96th Engr Bn (Separate) .

13 For accounts of the status of Port Moresby and the defense of Australia in this period, see Samuel Milner, Victory in Papua, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1957) , and George C. Kenney, General Kenney Reports (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1949) , pp.34ff.

14 Summary of Hist 96th Engr Gen Sv Regt (Lt Nils R. Holmes), 21 Apr 44.

15 Ibid.

16 Hist Summary gist Engineers (Capt Paul H. Miller), 4 May 44.

17 Ibid., 1 May 44, 4 May 44.

18 Designations in parentheses indicate the numerical designation assigned after port companies became separate in 1943.

19 Hist Summary 394th Port Bn (TC) 1 May 44.

20 Hist Summary 91st Engr Regt, 1 May 44.

21 Hq 394th Port Bn (TC) to CO Base D and 22d Port Hq (TC), APO 929, 21 Apr 44, copy attached to Hist Summary cited n. 20.

22 Hq 96th Engr Gen Sv Regt, GO 18, 5 Aug 44.

23 See Robert Ross Smith, The Approach to the Philippines, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR 11 (Washington, 1958) , ch. XVIII.

24 Ltrs, ACofE to Engr Sees, APO's 887 (London), 885 (New Delhi), 958 (Ft. Shafter, Hawaii), 534 (Algiers), 500 (Brisbane) , 11 Apr 44, CofE 320.2 (Engr, Corps of). See also, Col Arthur G. 
25 Trudeau, Rpt of Visit to NATO Engr Sec, p. 104. 1 Trudcau, NATO Rpt, p. 104; Ltr, CofE to ASF, 22 Apr 44, CE SPEOU; Memo, Hq ASF for CofE, 24 May 44, SPMOU 322 (22 Apr 44) .

26 Personal Ltr, Lt Col Leo V. Harman, 838th Engr Avn Bn, to Capt C. E. Taylor, 3d EAUTC, MacDill Fld, Fla., 19 Nov 43, copy in EAUTC Hist Rpt, 18 Mar-1 May 43, folder 3, 1342-IC, AF Archives.

27 Trudeau, NATO Rpt, p. 104.

28 The Alaska Highway, A Report Compiled for the CG ASF (May 1945), 11, OCMH.

29 For an example, see Norman Rosten, The Big Road (New York: Rinehart & Co., 1946) , much of which first appeared on radio networks, including those of the Armed Forces Radio Service.

30 Company C 97th Engr Sv Regt Summary.

31 Hist SOS I-BT, app. 4, Advance Sec Three, 25 Oct 44-20 May 45, OCMH. For the general background of Negro troop activity in the China-Burma­India theater, see the three volumes in UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II by Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland: Stilwell's Mission to China (Washington, 1953), Stilwell's Command Problems (Washington, 1956) , and Time Runs Out in CBl (Washington, 1959)

32 Planning Div, Office Dir P&O ASF (11 vols.), I, v-7, OCMH.

33 GO 44, Hq USAF, CBI, 15 Dec 42. Base Section Three was later designated Advance Section Three and finally simply Advance Section.

34 Hist SOS CBI, 28 Feb 42-24 Oct 44, OCMH.

35 Hist I-B Theater, 25 Oct 44-23 Jun 45, OCMH.

36 Hist SOS CBI, 28 Feb 42-24 Oct 44, OCMH.

37 Hist 823d Engr Avn Bn, 1943.

38 Hist Rpt 45th Engr Gen Sv Regt, 15 Jun 41-30 Jun 44.

39 Hist 76th Engr Light Ponton Co, 1944.

40 Ibid; Hist 77th Engr Light Ponton Co.

41 Hist SOS IBT, app. 12, Construction Service, 23 Apr-24 Oct 44, OCMH.

42 Ibid. See also "Airfield Construction in Burma" [Rpt of Lt Col Frederick A. Reickert, Chief Constr Sec AEO IB Sector CBI, Military Engineer, XXXVI (October, 1944) , 844

43 Hist SOS IBT, app. 4, Advance Section Three, p. 85.

44 Hist 3470th QM Truck Co for 1944.

45 Hist Rpt 858th Engr Avn Bn, 8 Jan 44-15 Sep 45.

46 Rpt Burma Convoy Control Station 1, Hist Motor Transport Sv, Advance Sec, I-B Theater, Jan 45-30 Sep 45, app. 24, vol. II, Hist I-B Theater, vol. 27, pt. 2, OCMH.

47 Hist SOS I-B Theater, app. 4, Advance Section Three, 25 Oct 44-20 May 45, PP- 223-24.

48 Ibid.; Unit Hist 3841st QM Truck CO, 25 Oct 42-23 Dec 44; Hist 518th QM Bn, Mobile, 1 Jan 31 Dec 44.

49 These units, all with white personnel, later became the 1st, 2d, and 12th Air Cargo Resupply Squadrons under the Air Supply Service of the AAF. Negro aviation truck companies were attached to these units. Beginning in August 1944 and continuing through June 1945, thirteen Air Cargo Resupply Squadrons were activated in the United States and in Hollandia and the Philippines with Negro personnel. These units served in the Philippines and on Okinawa.

50 Hist 518th Bn; Lt. Col. Abbott E. Dodge, QMC, "The Bundles for Burma Boys," The Quartermaster Review, XXIV (November-December 1944), 47-48.

51 Hist I-B Theater, 25 Oct 44-23 Jun 45, OCMH.

52 Hist 352d Engr Gen Sv Regt; Tech Intel Rpt 1943, Problems Encountered in 352d Engr Rgt, 28 May 45

53 Romanus and Sunderland, Time Runs Out in CBI, p. 348.

54 Ledo Road, I, VI-8, MS in OCMH; Hist SOS HIT, Adm Sec, 25 Oct 44-20 May 45, MS in OCMH. Also on the first convoy were eight white American enlisted men: one truck master, four section leaders, one mechanic, one medical corpsman, and one ambulance driver.

55 GO 3, Hq Adv Sec 3, 25 Feb 45. Among the Negro truck companies were one service and one railhead company acting as truck companies. One of the remaining companies was the Indian 110th General Purpose Transport.

56 Hist 858th Engr Avn Bn, 8 Jan 44-i5 Sep 45.

57 GO 32, Hq SOS IBT, 6 Dec 44.

58 Hist SOS IBT, app. 4, Advance Section Three, p. 116.

59 Ibid., p. 88.

60 Ibid., p. 89.

61 Ibid., pp. 27, 197

62 Ibid., pp. 21, 197, 268.

63 Ibid.; Hist SOS IBT, app. 29, Base General Depot No. 2, p. 95, OCMH.

64 Hist 45th Engr Gen Sv Regt for 1943; Hist 858th Engr Avn Bn, 8 Jan 44-15 Sep 45.

65 Hist SOS IBT, app. 29, Base General Depot 2, pp. 95, 119, OCMH.

66 Hist SOS IBT, app. 2, Opn Br of Base Section 2, p. 6, OCMH.

67 Ibid., app. 29, Base General Depot 2, p. 95, OCMH.

68 Memo, WPD for CofS, 18 Jan 42, and Ltr, SW to Secy State, 21 Jan 42, both in WPD 4376-10; Memo, WPD for WD G-4, 24 Feb 42, OCS 20431/40; Memo, OPD for Col W. F. Dean, Rqmts Sec AGF, 7 Dec 42, OPD 320.2/DO.

69 Memo, WPD for GG's AGF, AAF, SOS, 16 Mar 42, WPD 381/DO (3-16-42); Ltr, Hq AGF to CG Second Army,20 Mar 42, AGF 320.2/;6 OPN; Memo, OPD for Col Wood, 25 May 42, OPD 381 Liberia (5-29-42).

70 Hist 367th Inf Bn, 2 Mar-18 May 44.

71 Memo, G-1 for CofS, 14 Mar 43, with Inch SGO (Brumfield) to G-1 2 Mar 43, SPSP 710, WDGAP/250.1 (9-21-42).  

72 Memo, OPD for ASW, 29 Apr 48, OPD 381 Liberia.

73 GO 23, Hq USAFIL, 22 Dec 43.

74 Plan for Operation of Certain Iranian Communications Facilities Between Persian Gulf and Teheran by USA Forces, SPLS1000. See T. H. Vail Motter, The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1952) .

75 Strength of the Army, STM-30, 1 Dec 45.

76 Ibid.,1 Jan 45.

77 Ltr, SSgt H.A.W., Stars and Stripes (October 12, 1944); Benjamin C. Bowker, Out of Uniform (New York: Norton, 1946) , pp. 193-212.

78 Strength of the Army, STM-30, 1 Sep 44.

79 Ltr, Hq ETOUSA to CG's and CO's, 16 Jul 42, ETOUSA AG-Misc 291.2-A.

80 Ltr, Hq SOS ETOUSA to Base Sec Comdrs and All CO's, 7 Aug 42, AG 291.2.

81 Ltr, Hq V Corps to Eisenhower, 19 Aug 42, ETOUSA AG 291.2.

82 Ltr, Hq II Army Corps to All Div and Separate Unit CO's, 6 Sep 42, ETOUSA AG 291.2.

83 Ltr, Hq ETOUSA to F. A. Newsom, Home Office, 3 Sep 42, ETOUSA AG 291.2.

84 Ltr, Hq ETOUSA (Eisenhower) to CG's, 5 Sep 42, ETOUSA AG 291.2-B. Italics (underlining) added in SOS reproduction.

85 Ltr, Hq SOS ETO (Lee) to Maj Gen Robert M. Littlejohn, Deputy SOS Comdr, 1 t Sep 42, SOS ETO 291.1.

86 Quoted in Martin Sommers, "Lee-Batting for Eisenhower," Saturday Evening Post, CCXVII (September 2, 1944) , 37.

87 ARC Club Opn Cir 164, Sixth Issue, Feb 44. 

88 Edwin J. Beinecke at ETO SOS Staff Conf, Notes on Staff Conf, Hq SPS ETO, 30 Aug 43.

89 Ibid.

90 Alfred Goldberg, "Buildup," in The Army Air Forces in World War II (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1949) ,II, p. 656. See also Carrier Sheet, CO London Base Comd to CG ETO, 8 Oct 43, ETO AG 291.2, I (1948) 

91 Memo, Capt Susie J. Thurman, Hist Sec ETOUSA, for Col Ganoe, 29 May 44, ETOUSA Admin No. 218; Base Censor Office Special Reports, 1942-1944.

92 Comment 2, CofT SOS, APO 887 (London) to ACofT Marine Opns SOS, y Sep 43, TC USFET 322.171 Arms of Service-Port Labor Bns, Railroads.

93 Ibid., Comment 4.

94 Facts Worth Knowing . . . . 14th Major Port from D Day to V-E Day (Privately printed, Camelot Press, Ltd, Southampton, 1945, 8 pp.); Rpt of Visit to 14th Major Port, Southampton, 5-7 Feb 45, Rpt 27, Hq ETO GI Sec, EUCOM 383.5; Special Historical Studies, 14th Port, England, 1945, TCPT­14.0-1 (46301) ; A Two-Year's History of the 14th Port, 25 February 1943 to 25 February 1945, TCPT­14-0.1 (30910) .

95 Ltr, Hq ETOUSA (Maj Gen I. H. Edwards, CofS) to CC's SOS, VIII AF, V Corps, 12 Jul 43, ETO AG 250 MCS.

96 Ltr, SOS ETO to Base Comdrs, Hq Commandant SOS, 12 Oct 43, SOS ETO AG 291.2 (7 Oct 48) .

97 Ltr, Hq ETOUSA to CG'S, 25 Oct 43, ETO AG 250.1 MDCS.

98 Ibid.

99 Ltr, Hq ETO (Eisenhower) to Lee,1 Mar 44, copy in ETOUSA 291.2.

100 Lit, Hq ETO to CG's, CO's, Base Sec Comdrs, Comdts, 9 Apr 44, ETOUSA AG 461 OpGA. For example of indoctrination directive, see Ltr, Hq FUSAG to Newly Assigned Pers FUSAG, 27 Apr 44, FUSAG 291.2, copy in the 12th Army Gp 291.2.

101 Chronological Outline of Activation and Operation of the General Inspectorate Section, Incl to Ltr, Hq ETO GI Sec to CG ETO, 3 Jun 45, p. t.

102 Ltr, Marshall to Eisenhower, 26 Oct 44, copy in app. A to Chronological Outline cited n. l0l.

103 Ibid.

104 Ltr, SHAEF to CG ETO, 13 Nov 44, AG 35381-1 AGP; Ltr. Hq ETOUSA to CG's, Med. O. and G-1 SHAEF, 17 Nov 44, copy in app. A to Chronological Outline cited n. l0l; Ltr, Hq ETOUSA to CG's, 22 Dec 44, Estimate of Hq ETOUSA, AG 322 OPCS.

105 Memo 2, Hq ETOUSA GI Sec, 4 Jan 45, Statement of Scope of Activities, Check List. See also Memo 7, 21 March 1945, which required a general paragraph in all reports, where applicable, covering seven items, the fourth of which was discrimination against Negro troops and the fifth, white-Negro relationships.

106 Ltr, Hq ETOUSA to CG's, 23 Jan 45, AG 322.011, resulted in General Davis' assignment to the General Inspectorate.

107 Rpt of Visit to Oise Sec, Reims, France, 17-25 Feb 45, Rpt 32, GI Sec ETO, 999.5.

108 Motor Transport Service, ch. V, vol. V, pt. 2 of Hist Rpt TC in ETO, p. 7.

109 Ibid., pp. 11-23. See also Joseph Bykofsky and Harold Larson, The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1957) , ch. VIII.

110 "Gasoline," The Quartermaster Review, XXIV (May-June 1945) , 23.

111 Cf. Rpt of Visit to Seventh Army, ETO L­1135-Fw g.

112 Lt Col William F. Powers, Observer's Rpt on the Engr Sv, SOS NATOUSA, in Trudeau, NATO Rpt.

l13 Hist SOS IBT, Admin Hist, 25 Oct 44-20 May
45, PP. 57f, OCMH.

114 Ltr, Hq Persian Gulf Comd to TAG, 14 Aug 45, WDSSP 291.2.

115 Hist 22d QM Truck Regt (Gp); Hq Peninsular Base Sec (Col Roger W. Whitman) to Brig Gen
H. S. Clarkson, Hq MTO, 19 Jul 45, WDSSP 291.2.

116 Army Garrison Force, APO 264, 98-84.1 (15524)

117 Hist 60gth Port Co (TC) , Oct-Dec 44 (2d Lt Weaver A. Turner).

118 In addition to several white quartermaster units, Negro units remaining in the Garrison Force were one aviation ordnance ammunition company, a quartermaster company, two quartermaster service companies, a salvage repair company, a truck company, an amphibian truck company, two aviation squadrons, one aviation engineer battalion, and a medical sanitary company. USAFPOA Rpt of Part in the Iwo Jima Campaign, 98-USF4-0.3 (23284).

119 Final Rpt of CG Army Forces, Middle Pacific, 98-USF5-0.5.

120 Hist 24th Chem Decon Co; Paul W. Pritchard, "Smoke Generator Operations in the Mediterranean and European Theaters of Operation," Chemical Corps Historical Studies, 1 (Hist Sec OCofCC, n.d.,
347 PP.), PP. 53-54. Fifteen of the Army smoke generator units (not counting the decontamination companies) used in these two theaters were Negro. 

121 Pritchard, op. cit., p. 59; see Col Walter A. Guild, "That Damned Smoke Again," Infantry Journal, LV (October, 1944) , 25-28.

122 Hist Rpt 887th Engr Bn (Sep), 1942-44.

123 Ibid.

124 Ibid.

125 See AAR 7th Armd Div Trains, 607-75.2 (8562) ; Hist 66th Medical Gp, 103-45.1 (1 1702) -

126 Address, Brig Gen Charles Lanham (formerly CO 22d Inf, 4th Div) before American Council on Race Relations, transcribed from broadcast over WMCA, New York, 12 Jul 46.

127 The Transportation Corps in the Battle of France (Hist Rpt, TC in ETO, V), Motor Transport Brigade, pp. 9-10.

128 Rpt 261st Ord Bn, 1944.

129 AAR's 666th QM Truck Co, 16 Dec 43-15 Dec 44; 16 Dec 44-31 Mar 45; Feb 45.

130 AAR Hq 7th Armd Div Trains, Dec 44; His 3967 QM Truck Co.

131 Gen. George S. Patton, Jr., War As 1 Knew 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947) , p. 194; Fran] E. G. Weil, "The Negro in the Armed Forces, Social Forces, XXVI (1947-1948) , p. 97; Visit t -Advance Sec ComZ, Liege, 1-6 Mar 45, Rpt 36, G See, ETOUSA 333.1, FRD AGO.

page created 15 January 2002


Return to the Table of Contents

Return to CMH Online