Endnotes for Chapter IX

1 Selective Service in Peacetime, First Report of the Director of Selective Service, 1940-1941 (Washington, 1942), pp. 254-55.

2 Ibid., app. 29, p. 401.

3 Selective Service as the Tide of War Turns: Third Report of the Director of Selective Service, 1943-1944 (Washington, 1945) , PP. 559, 615, 627.

4 Ibid., p. 206.

5 Ibid., pp. 207, 629. For whites, the largest number was rejected for mental disease.

6 Martin D. Jenkins et al., The Black and White of Rejections for Military Service (Montgomery, Ala.: American Teachers Association, 1944).

7 MR 1-7, Reception of Selective Service Men, Change 2, 3 Nov 40. In effect from November 1940 to 15 May 1941.

8 Memo, G-1 for COfs, 31 Mar 41, AG 381 (11-3­37) (1) sec. 1-7-a; MR 1-7, Reception of Selective Service Men, Change 9, 18 Apr 41; Roy K. Davenport and Felix Kampschroer, Personnel Utilization: Classification and Assignment of Military Personnel in the Army of the United States During World War II, pp. 81-82, MS OCMH.

9 WD Cir 169, sec. IV, 1 Jun 42.

10 Walter V. Bingham, "The Army Personnel Classification System," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCXX (March, 1942) , 21; Walter V. Bingham, in Ambrose Caliver, ed., Post War Education of Negroes; Educational Implications of Army Data and Experiences of Negro Veterans and War Workers (Washington: Federal Security Agency, U.S. Office of Education, 1945) P. 25.

11 Bingham, in Post War Education of Negroes, p. 25.

12 Roy K. Davenport, "Implications of Military Selection and Classification in Relation to Universal Military Training," Journal of Negro Education, XV (Fall, 1946) , 590.

13 Bingham, in Post War Education of Negroes, p. 25.

14 See files, Journal of Negro Education, passim; Jenkins et al., op. cit.

15 Mil Tng Div OCofTC, Transportation Corps History-Training of Units, Feb 45, p.48, MS OCMH

16 Otto Klineberg, Race Differences (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1935) , pp. 152-77.

17 Walter V. Bingham, "Personnel Classification Testing in the Army," Science, C (September 29, 1944) , 276. In later standardizations, Negro samples were included.

18 In arguing against the use of medical sanitary company personnel in general hospitals as originally planned, the Medical Department, for example, wrote:
It cannot be expected that individuals with such degrees of intelligence as manifested in the Army General Classification Tests . . . can be entrusted with the care of the sick or trained to perform the more technical functions incident thereto. This is in keeping with the study submitted by G-3 which states that at the present time it has been found necessary to recommend the demobilization of certain colored units because of low intelligence . . . . It is not expected that such people should be used in the care of the sick, except for those very few who may be employed in the care of the sick of their own race at those places where colored medical service has been established.
Memo, OSG (Brig Gen Albert G. Love) for Col James Wharton (G-1), 5 May 41, SGO 291.2 (Negro Pets) .

19 Memo, Maj Claude B. Ferenbaugh for Maj Gen [Wade H.j Haislip, 29 Apr 41, and covering note, Maj Bowman for ASWA Lovett, ASWA 291.21 (4-29-41) ; Memo, G-3 for COPS, 3 Dec 41, and Memo, G-3 for Col 1W. B1 Smith, SGS, 4 Dec 41, G-3/6541-Gen; Ltr, William H. Hastie, Civ Aide to SW, n.d., OCS/20602-219; Memo, DCofS for USW, 16 Feb 42, ASW 291.2 Race.

20 The term "illiterate" was used by units to refer to low-literates as well as to completely illiterate men. At times it included all Grade V scorers as well. "Illiterate," as used by units to describe their men, was therefore a flexible term, meaning generally men who could not read with facility or understanding, as well as the completely unlettered men.

21 Ltr, Hq 367th Inf Regt, Cp Claiborne, La., 2 May 41, to CG Third Army, and 3 Inds, AG 350.5
(5-23-41)(1).

22 3d and 4th Inds to Ltr, Hq IV Army Corps to CG IV Army Corps, 15 Jun 42, AGF 333.1/13 (IV Army Corps).

23 Ltr, Hq Armd Force to CG ACT, 20 Aug 42, AGF 322.999/125.

24 Ltr, CO 1st Air Base Security Tng Gp, Cp Rucker, Ala., to CG Second Army, 20 Mar 43, AGF 327.3/459

25 Ltr, TIG Cp Stewart, Ga., to CG AAATC Cp Stewart, Ga., 5 Dec 42, and 3d Ind, Hq AA Comd, AG 220.31 (12-5-42) OC-T (1-16-43) .

26 6th Ind, TAG to AGF (Hq AA Comd), 16 Jan 43, to Ltr, TIG Cp Stewart, Ga., to CG AAATC Cp Stewart, 5 Dec 42, AG 220.31 (12-5-42) OC-T (1-16-43).

27 1st Ind, Office of Civ Aide to SW, 2 Jul 42, to G-3, on Memo, G-3 for Judge Hastie, 29 Jun 42, WDGCT 220.3 (5-9-42)

28 Citing this reason, Brig. Gen. John C. H. Lee, then commanding the new San Francisco Port of Embarkation, requested that if port units assigned there were to be Negro, noncommissioned officers should also be Negro. Memo for Colonel [Orlando] Ward, 13 May 41, sub: Tel Call from General Lee, PofE, San Francisco, AG 320.2 (5-13-41) (1) .

29 Memo, G-3 for CG's ASF, AGF, AAF, 23 Mar 43, wDGCT 291.21 (3-23-43) .

30 The AGCT distribution of the 369th Infantry, the one all new non-Regular regiment in the division, on 1 September 1944 was, for example:
Grade Number of Men Percentage
Total 3,010 100.00
I 4 0.13
II 80 2.62
III 319 10.60
IV 1,290 42.85
V 1,317 43.80

Hist Rpt, 369th Inf Regt, Supplementary Papers,
AGO 393-70.4 (21783)

31 Memo, AGF G-1 for AGO Classification and Replacement Branch, 11 Aug 42, AGF 322.999/1 (Cld Trps) (R) .

32 Memo, G-3 for CG AGF, 5 Mar 43, WDGCT 291.21 (1-14-43) ; G-3 Rpt, Min Advisory Com on Negro Trp Policies, 22 Mar 43, ASW 291.2-Com; Min Gen Council, 15 Mar 43.

33 Ltr, Engr Hq Second Corps Area to CofE, 9 May 42, in AGF 353/1 (CAC Tng).

34 2d Ind, Hq AAC to Hq AGF, 4 Jun 42, 470.3/K, to Ltr cited n. 33.

35 3d Ind, Hq AGF to TAG, AGF 322.17/2 (76th CA) GNOYN, to Ltr cited n. 33.

36 1st Ind, OCA to SW, 2 Jul 42, to G-3 on Memo, G-3 for Judge Hastie, 29 Jun 42, WDGCT 220.3 (5-9-42) .

37 Memo, G-3 for Judge Hastie, 8 Aug 42, WDGCT 220.3 (15-9-42) .

38 Ltr, OCofAC to TAG, 18 Mar 41, AG 324.71 (3-12-41) .

39 Memo, G-1 for TAG, 4 Mar 41, G-1/15640-75.

40 Ltr, Hq AAF to SOS, 15 May 42, and attached M/R, AAF 210.31 Assignment of Offs.

41 The range for the 477th Bombardment Group, for example, was lower in the two end classes, but higher in the uppermiddle range: Grade 1, 1.4 percent; II, 23 percent; III, 41 percent; IV, 30 percent; and V, 4.6 percent. Hist, 477th Bombardment Gp, 15 Jan-15 Jul 44, Air Force Hist Div.

41 The range for the 477th Bombardment Group, for example, was lower in the two end classes, but higher in the uppermiddle range: Grade 1, 1.4 percent; II, 23 percent; III, 41 percent; IV, 30 percent; and V, 4.6 percent. Hist, 477th Bombardment Gp, 15 Jan-15 Jul 44, Air Force Hist Div.

43 Memo, Dir Mil Pers Div SOS for CG AGE, 21 May 42, SPGA/8645-5514.

44 M/S, ACT G-1 to DCofS, 29 Jul 42, AGF 3273/246 (Drafted Men).

45 Memo, Hq IRTC Ft. McClellan, Ala., to CG R&SC, 24 Sep 43, AGF 353.01/68.

46 Unit Training, Address by Col Lawrence B. Wyant, Mil Tng Div Hq ASF, to Fourth ASF Tng Conf, Ft. Monmouth, N. J.,15-17 Mar 44, Files Fourth Conf, pp. 4-5.

47 Remarks, CO 99th CA (AA) Regt, to VD Symposium, 30 Jul 43, G-3 291.21. See also, 1st Ind, Hq SOS USF China, APO 627, to CG U.S. Forces China Theater, APO 290, AG 291.2 (23 May 45) (2).

48 One corps reported that several of its white units were having AGCT score difficulties. Its 650th Engineer Topographical Battalion, a more highly specialized unit than most Negro units, had complained that of 103 fillers received, 70 percent were in Grades IV and V and 95 percent had less than a grade school education. The 50th Engineer Combat Battalion, a type of unit rarely used for Negroes, had 51 percent in Grades IV and V, while the 74th Ordnance Maintenance Battalion, a unit of another type seldom used to absorb Negroes, received 544 fillers in October 1942, 71 percent of whom were in Grades IV and V or illiterate. Ltr, CG IX Corps to Lt Gen Lesley J. McNair, CG AGF, 30 Nov 42, AGF 324.71/212 (Drafted Men).

49 The Puerto Rican Induction Program and The Use of Puerto Rican Troops, sec. VI, Antilles Department Historical Studies, ch. IV, MS OCMH.

50 Among the units receiving materials directly were twenty-five divisions, including the 2d Cavalry and 92d infantry Divisions. Ltr, TAG to CO's Units and Posts, 28 May 43, AG 353 (5-28-43) OT-C.

51 Memo, AGE for G-1, 27 Nov 42, AGE 353/2025 GNGAP-1.

52 Lt Col James L. Lewis, Notes on Service with the gad Engineer Regt (GS) in Extreme Cold and Wet Cold Climates, Engr School 8715.

53 See above, p. 241.

54 Memos, CG SOS for CofS, 6 Jun 42 and 20 Jul 42, SPGAE/8645-731.

55 The percentage shifted as various proposals were considered during discussions of the plan.

56 Memo, G-3 for CofS, 10 Apr 43, AG 201.6 (19 Mar 43) (1) .

57 Ibid.

58 Ibid.

59 Memo, Mil Pers Div SOS for G-3, 19 Mar 43, AG 201.6 (16 Mar 43) (1) .

60 Memo, Actg Civ Aide to SW for G-3, 1 Apr 43, AG 201.6 (19 Mar 43)(1).

61 Memo, Dir of Mil Pers Div SOS for G-3, 19 Mar 43, AG 201.6 (19 Mar 43)

62 Memo, OTIG for G-3, 25 Mar 43, AG 201.6 (19 Mar 43) (1)

63 Memo, Derr to SW (initialed G.H.D. and H.L.S.), 1 7 Apr 43, in AG 201.6 (19 Mar 43) (1) .

64 Min Advisory Com, 2 Apr 43, ASW 291.2 NTC.

65 Memo, Classification and Repl Br AGD for Dir Mil Pets ASF, 27 Apr 43, AG 201.6 (19 Mar
43). (1)

66 Memo and Incl, Classification and Repl Br AGD for Dir MPD ASF, 25 Jun 43, AG 201.6 (19
Mar 43) (1) .

67 Ltr, Office of the Post Inspector, Hq Ft. Jackson, to CG Ft. Jackson, 13 Jul 43, AG 201.6(19 Mar 43)

68 3d Ind to Ltr cited n. 67, Hq Ft. Jackson to CG Fourth Sv Comd, 19 Jul 43, AG 201.6(19 Mar 43) (1) .


69 4th Ind to Ltr cited n. 67, Hq Fourth Sv Comd to TAG, 23 Jul 43, AG 201.6 (19 Mar 43) (1) .

70 5th Ind to Ltr cited n. 67.

71 Par. 15, AR 615- 28, 28 May .12.

72 Arnay Service Forces Annual Report for the Fiscal Year 1945, p. 142.

73 Ibid., pp. 142-43.

74 Ltr, Hq TD RTC to CG R&SC, 23 Aug 43, AG 353 (5 1-43) and 31 Inds; Ltr, TAG to CG's Sv Comds,1 1 Oct 13, AG 353 (23 Aug 43) OC-LT.

75 Memo, Neuropsychiatry Div (Lt Col William C. Menninger, Dir), on Organization of "Armed" and "Unarmed" Pioneers, 20 Mar 44, Incl to Ltr, Col Menninger to Col Arthur G. Trudeau, Mil Tug Div ASF, SPTR 220.3.

76 Memo Mil Tng Div ASF for TSG (Dir Neuropsychiatry Div), 25 Mar 44, SPTR 220.3 (2i Mar 44); Memo, MPD ASF for G-1, 31 Mar 44, SPGAC/ 221 Gen (2r, Mar 44)-122; Memo for Record attached, 19 Mar 44, SPTR 220.3 (21 Mar 44) 

77 Memo, G-3 for CC's ASF, AGF, AAF, 9 Aug 43: Memo for Record on G-3 Div M/S, 22 Aug 43; Memo, G-3 for CC's AAF, AGF, ASF, 24 Aug 43. All in WDGCT 291.21 (12 Jul 43).

78 Lit, Dir Mil Tng TC for Mob Div ASF, 28 Oct 43, SPTR 220.3.

79 These words are taken from a list of 500 words occurring with high frequency in The Soldier's Handbook, The Soldier's Reader, Army Life, general orders, and bulletin board notices, over half of which were not known to Grade V men, white and Negro, tested at a replacement training center. Less than 50 percent of the men tested understood the words listed here. See WD Pamphlet 20-6, Command of Negro Troops, 29 Feb 44.

80 For later attempts to stress instructional methods, see WD Pamphlet 20-6, Command of Negro
Troops, 29 February 1944, and ASF Manual M­5 Leadership and the Negro Soldier, October 1944,
both of which are discussed below, Chapter XIII. These publications came too late in the war to
affect the vital training periods of the bulk of the units.

81 See Shirley A. Star, "The Orientation of Soldiers Toward the War," in Samuel A. Stouffer et
al., The Arnerican Soldier: Adjustment to Army Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949); Capt Ulysses G. Lee, Army Orientation, Hist of Mil Tng ASF, (1945), MS OCMH.

82 Mil Tug Div OCofTC, Transportation Corps History-Training of Units, Feb 45, P. 50, MS OCMH.

83 TM 10-379, Handbook for the Quartermaster Railhead Company, A 300.7 (4 Nov 43) , pp. 15-19

84 Address, Col William H. Craig. l ourtl1 Sv Comd, Problems of a Service Command Training Division, Notes, ASF Fifth Training Conf, 24 Oct 44, ASFTC Camp Barkeley, Tex., p. 163. in parentheses arc Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) numbers. See also, Unit Training in the Corps of Engineers, 1 July 1939-30 .Tune 1944, PP. 1 7-18, MS OCMH.

85 Address, Col William H. Craig. l ourtl1 Sv Comd, Problems of a Service Command Training Division, Notes, ASF Fifth Training Conf, 24 Oct 44, ASFTC Camp Barkeley, Tex., p. 163. in parentheses arc Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) numbers. See also, Unit Training in the Corps of Engineers, 1 July 1939-30 .Tune 1944, PP. 1 7-18, MS OCMH..

86 For comprehensive accounts of methods of training used by the armed services, see series Publications of the Commission on Implications of Armed Services Educational Programs, American Council on Education (Washington, 1947) (12 monographs) .

87 Requirements for most courses were not excessively high, but in a random choice among units few Negroes with both the necessary scores and the required background could be found to meet requirements such as the following: Water Purification: proficiency in elementary arithmetic and use of formulas, aptitude for or experience in electrical and mechanical work and elementary chemistry; Mechanical Equipment: elementary arithmetic and use of formulas with aptitude for or experience in electrical and mechanical work; Drafting: proficiency in arithmetic with an aptitude for drafting, some knowledge of algebra, plane geometry, and trigonometry desirable. Ltr, OCE to TAG, 3 Jul 41, AG 220.63 Engr Sch (7-3-41) (1) .

88 Ltr,Ist Hq and Hq Detachment Special Trps, Armd Force, Ft. Knox, Ky., to CG Armd Force, 15 Jan 43, AGF 352/127 (Engr Sch).

89 Ltr, Hq AAF to CSigO, 1 Mar 43, AAF 353 Cld Trig.

90 Materials on the numbers of retests given in specific units and their results are lacking, for ob­vious reasons. That retests were given, sometimes legitimately and sometimes with such frequency as to negate the purpose of the AGCT, cannot be doubted. See Ltr, Hq Btry gad Div Arty to CG gad Div, 15 Aug 42, Misc Corresp Hq 93d Inf Div Arty; Ltr, T/5 L. A. P--- to Btry CO, 7 Aug 42. Both in same file.

91 Memo, Hq Third Army for Col Newcomer, Jun 42, CofE 352 (Engr OCS) pt. 3.

92 Of these students, 569 were in the 5 units located at Negro schools; 220 were in 36 units located at mixed schools in the north and west. Memo, Chief Standards Sec ASTP for Chief Curricula and Standards Br ASTP, 29 Jan 45, SPTR 291.2 (29 Jan 45)

93 Memo, Actg Civ Aide to SW for G-3, 19 Mar 43, and Memo, G-3 for G-1, 26 Mar 43, WDGCT 291.21 (3-19-43) ; Memo, TAG ASF for G-1, to May 43, AG 201.6 (5-10-43) DC-A; Memo, G-1 for G-3, 12 May 43, WDGAP 322.99; Info Action Sheet, C&R Br AGO to G-1, 14 May 43, AG 201.6
(5-14-43) OC-A.

94 Ltr, TAG to CG's, ctc., 17 Jun 43, AG 353 (to Jun 43) B-D-,1.

95 Memo, Truman Gibson, Asst to Civ Aide to Sw, for Lt Col Walter B. Smith, OD COfS, 27 Jul  41, AG 353.9 (6-27-41) (1); Ltr, Hq AFEDC and First AF to CG AGF, 18 Jun 43, and 1st Ind, Hq AAF, 15 Jun 43, AAF 353 Cld Trps; Msg, Hq Fourth Corps Area to Comdr Inf Sch, Ft. Benning, Ga., 9 Apr 42, Fourth Corps Area CA 220.632-Inf Sch 92-E-2; Msg, CG R&SC to CG AGF, 18 Jul 42, AGF 352/37 (NITS); Ltr, Hq AAC to CG AGF, 23 Sep 42, AGF 352/42 (Ord Sch); Ltr, Asst Adj Scott Fld, 111. to CG 2d Dist, AAFTTC, St. Louis, Mo., AAF 353 Cld Trps; Rad, Second Army to Hq AGF, 17 Aug 42, Rad, Hq AGF to Second Army, 17 Aug 42, AGF 322.999/168.

96 Lit, Avn Cadet Examining Bd, Moore Fld, Tex., to Hq AAF, 6 Jul 43, and 1st Ind, 14 Jul 43, Hq AAF to Avn Cadet Examining Bd, Moore Fld, AAF 353 Cld Tng.

97 R&RS, AAF Dir of Communications to AAF Dir of Base Svs, 6 Feb 43, AAF 353 Cld Tug.

98 R&RS, AAF MPD to AAF Dir of Communications, 29 Mar 43, AAF 353 Cld Tug.

99 M/R, AGF G--1 Enl Div, 16 Dec 42, AGF 220.3/ 1152.

100 Ltr, Hq ACT to CG's Armies, Corps, Com­mands, DTC, Chief Armd Force, 12 Oct 42, AGF
322.999/4

101 Unit Training, Address by Col Lawrence B. Wyant, GSC Mil Tng Div AST, to Fourth ASF Tng
Conf, Ft. Monmouth, N.J., 15-17 Mar 44, Files Fourth Conf, pp. 4-5.

102 EAUTC Hist Rpt, Ex No. 43, Fldr 1 (18 Mar 43-1 May 11) , pp. 126-27, .AF Hist Div Archives.

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