Chapter XX


1 Memo, Hurley for Marshall, Melbourne, 21 Feb 42, OPD 381 SWPA, Sec 1, Case 21.

2 Rads, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 187, 2 Feb 42, and Marshall to MacArthur, 2 Feb 42, both in WPD 3251-74.

3 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 4 Feb 42, WDGSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

4 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, Nos. 226 and 227, CofS Phil Situation File. The first part of the message was addressed to Roosevelt and signed Quezon: the second portion was addressed to Marshall and signed by MacArthur.

5 Rad, Roosevelt to MacArthur, No. 1029, 9 Feb 42, CofS Phil Situation File. The message was addressed to MacArthur alone because it went through Army channels.

6 Ibid.

7 Rad, Quezon to Roosevelt, No. 262, 12 Feb 42, OPD Exec O.

8 Rad, MacArthur to Roosevelt, No. 252, 11 Feb 42, OPD Exec O.

9 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 14 Feb 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

10 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, 15 Feb 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

11 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 297, 16 Feb 42, WDCSA 381 (3-17-42) Phil.

12 For an account of the reorganization of the ABDA area and the establishment of the Southwest Pacific Area, see Matloff and Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941-1942, and Samuel Milner, Victory in Papua, a volume in preparation for the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II.

13 Rad, TAG to MacArthur, No. 1083, 24 Feb 42, WPD 4639-54.

14 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 21 Feb 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil. General Eisenhower, who was handling the dispatches to MacArthur during this period from his post as Chief of the War Plans Division, makes it clear that the impetus to get MacArthur out of the Philippines came from the White House. Eisenhower, Personal Notebook, entry of 23 Feb 42.

15 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, No. 1078, 22 Feb 42, CofS Supersecret File entitled MacArthur's Move to Australia. Eisenhower wrote on 22 February that he had prepared the draft of a message to MacArthur telling him to start south. The next day he noted that the message had been approved by the President and sent. Eisenhower, Personal Notebook.

16 Hunt, MacArthur and the War Against Japan, p. 64. The writer has been unable to find confirmation of this conference in the official records or in interviews.

17 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 358, 24 Feb 42, WDGSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

18 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, No. 1087, 25 Feb 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

19 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 373, 26 Feb 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

20 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 28 Feb 42, Supersecret Msgs to Gen MacArthur, OPD Exec O.

21 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 6 Mar 42, WDGSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil. Frazier Hunt states that on 10 March MacArthur received "another peremptory order" to leave. Hunt, MacArthur and the War Against Japan, p. 64. No such order has been found in the records.

22 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 358, 24 Feb 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

23 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, pp. 1-5. The account given by Wainwright of the reasons for MacArthur's departure, as given him by General Sutherland, is not supported by official records. Sutherland told Wainwright, who came to Corregidor on the 10th, that "the President has been trying to get him [MacArthur] to leave Corregidor for days, but until yesterday the general kept refusing." (p. 2) MacArthur told Wainwright that same morning that he was leaving on orders from the President and that "things have gotten to such a point that I must comply with these orders or get out of the Army. I want you to make it known . . . that I'm leaving over my repeated protests." (p. 5) MacArthur also told General Moore that he had been ordered to leave over his protest. Harbor Defenses Rpt of Opns, p. 42.

24 Ltr, Rockwell to Ward, 18 Jan 52, OCMH; Rockwell, Supp. to Narrative of Naval Activities in Luzon Area, Folder IV (Evacuation of Gen MacArthur), Off of Naval Rcds. The orders and plans for the voyage to Mindanao are included in this report.

25 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, 6 Mar 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil.

26 Ibid.; rad, Brett to Marshall, No. 760, 19 Mar 42, AG 371 (3-19-42). The group was organized as follows:

PT 41 (Lt J. D. Bulkeley)

General MacArthur

Mrs. MacArthur

Arthur MacArthur, son

Chinese nurse

General Sutherland, CofS

Capt Harold G. Ray, USN

Lt Col Sidney L. Huff, Aide

Maj C. H. Morehouse, Med O

PT 34 (Lt R. G. Kelly)

Admiral Rockwell

General Marshall, DCofS

Col Charles P. Stivers, G-1

Capt Joseph McMicking (PA), Asst G-2

PT 35 (Ens A. B. Akers)

Col Charles A. Willoughby, G-2

Lt Col LeGrande A. Diller, Aide (PRO)

Lt Col Francis H. Wilson, Aide to Sutherland

M Sgt Paul P. Rogers, Secy

PT 32 (Lt (jg) V. S. Schumacker)

Brig Gen Spencer B. Akin, Sig O

Brig Gen Hugh J. Casey, Engr O

Brig Gen William F. Marquat, AA O

Brig Gen Harold H. George, Air O

Lt Col Joe R. Sherr, Asst Sig O

27 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 482, 14 Mar 42, WDCSA 370.05 (3-17-42) Phil. For an account of the journey, see W. L. White, They Were Expendable, pp. 113-43. The author has also interviewed several of the men who made the trip.

28 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 5, 21 Mar 42, Msgs from Gen MacArthur, OPD Exec O. All the officers and men of the four PT boats received the Silver Star by order of General MacArthur. USAFFE GO 43, 15 Mar 42.

29 USAFFE-USFIP Rpt of Opns, p. 55; Gen Chynoweth, 61st Div (PA) and Visayan Force, pp. 10-11. The latter report was prepared at the request of the author and is on file in OCMH.

30 Harbor Defenses Rpt of Opns, p. 42.

31 Collier, Notebooks, III, 55.

32 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 2.

33 Ibid.; rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 3, 21 Mar 42, Msgs from Gen MacArthur, OPD Exec O.

34 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 4.

35 Harbor Defenses Rpt of Opns, p. 42.

36 Ibid., pp. 42-43, 33.

37 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 67.

38 Ibid.; USAFFE GO 42, 14 Mar 42. The Luzon Force was "constituted effective 11 March."

39 See AG 311.23 (4 Feb 42), GHQ SWPA. This file contains a number of messages from Beebe to General MacArthur complaining of this situation.

40 USAFFE GO 44, 16 Mar 42. The order was effective 11 March.

41 Rad, Beebe to MacArthur, n.d., AG 311.23 (4 Feb 42) GHQ SWPA.

42 Rad, Marshall to USAFIA, No. 740, 18 Mar 42, OPD 381 Phil, Sec 1, Case 13. This is a paraphrase of the original message that went to Corregidor.

43 Rad, Beebe to MacArthur, 19 Mar 42, AG 311.23 (4 Feb 42) GHQ SWPA.

44 Rad, Roosevelt to CG USAFFE, No. 1198, 19 Mar 42, Msgs to Wainwright, OPD Exec O. The message was sent on the recommendation of General Marshall.

45 Rad, Marshall to Wainwright, No. 1204, 19 Mar 42, OPD 381 PI, Sec 1, Case 14. In tracing this correspondence, the reader must keep in mind the 13 hours' difference between Washington and Manila time.

46 Rad, Marshall to Wainwright, No. 1203, 20 Mar 42, OPD 381 PI, Sec 1, Case 15.

47 The author has been unable to find MacArthur's replies to Beebe. Internal evidence of the radios cited makes it clear that throughout he was acting under instructions from MacArthur.

48 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, pp. 68-69.

49 Rad, Wainwright to AGWAR, No. 538, 21 Mar 42, AG 381 (11-27-41 Sec 3) Far East. The message was sent at 0620. At the same time he accepted his appointment as lieutenant general. A similar message went to General MacArthur in Australia.

50 Rads, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 156, 30 Jan 42, AG 381 (11-27-41 Gen) Far East, and Marshall to MacArthur, 30 Jan 42, WPD 3251-75.

51 Rad, Wainwright to MacArthur, 19 Mar 42, AG 311.23 (4 Feb 42) GHQ SWPA.

52 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 3, 21 Mar 42, AG 311.23 (4 Feb 42) GHQ SWPA.

53 Interv, author with Sutherland, 12 Nov 46. Wainwright's appointment, Sutherland said, had been made by the War Department "after MacArthur left and without his knowledge." Actually, MacArthur seems to have been informed of the War Department's intentions before Wainwright through the messages he received from Beebe.

54 Memo, Marshall for Roosevelt, 22 Mar 42, sub: Comd in Phil, Msgs from Gen MacArthur, OPD Exec O; interv, author with Collier, 20 Nov 46.

55 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 67.

56 Memo, Marshall for Roosevelt, 22 Mar 42, sub: Comd in Phil, Msgs from Gen MacArthur, OPD Exec O.

57 This principle was well established and was incorporated in the doctrine for joint operations, Joint. Action of the Army and Navy, 1927.

58 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, No. 810, 22 Mar 42, Msgs from Gen MacArthur, OPD Exec O. The President's agreement is assumed from the fact that the text of the message formed part of Marshall's memorandum to the President.

59 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 19, 24 Mar 42, AG 311.23 (4 Feb 42) GHQ SWPA.

60 For a detailed description of MacArthur's command in Australia see Milner, Victory in Papua, Ch. II. Unlike most subordinate commanders, Wainwright was authorized to communicate directly with the War Department.

61 King assumed command 21 March 1942 on the basis of oral instructions from Wainwright. A general order followed later. Luzon Force Rpt of Opns, p. 1.

62 Interv, author with Sutherland, 12 Nov 46.

63 The material on General King's career is drawn from the Official Army Register, the standard public relations releases, and interviews with a large number of officers on his staff, including Maj. Achille C. Tisdelle, his aide.


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