Endnotes for Chapter I

1 Report, n.d., written by Maj Gen Henry H. Arnold, of conference at White House, 14 Nov 38, OCS Conf Binder 1, Emergency Measures, 1939-40.

2 Memo, WPD for CofS, 5 Feb 37, WPD 3748-3.

3 G-2 study, title: The Existing International Situation (and pencil notation thereon), forwarded with Memo, G-2 for WPD, 31 Aug 37, WPD 3748-9.

4 Message to Congress, 28 Jan 38, United States Department of State, Publication 1983, Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941 (Washington: 1943) (hereafter cited as Peace and War), p. 405.

5 The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, compiled by Samuel I. Rosenman, 1938 volume: The Continuing Struggle for Liberalism (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941) (hereafter cited as FDR Public Papers and Addresses, 1938), p. 493.

6 Report, n.d., written by Gen Arnold, of conference at White House, 14 Nov 38, OCS Conf Binder 1 Emergency Measures, 1939-40. See also, Mark Skinner Watson, Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington: 1950) (hereafter cited as Prewar Plans and Preparations), pp. 125-39; General H. H. Arnold, Global Mission (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), pp. 171-80; Joseph Alsop and Robert Kintner, American White Paper (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1940), pp. 6-14; William Frye, Marshall: Citizen Soldier (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1947), pp. 249-55; Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948) (hereafter cited as Roosevelt and Hopkins), pp. 99-101; and William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason The Challenge to Isolation, 1937-1940 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952) (hereafter cited as Challenge to Isolation), pp. 36-39.

7 FDR Public Papers and Addresses, 1938, pp. 598-600.

8 Alsop and Kinter, American White Paper, pp. 16-17.

9 See Ch. XIV, below.

10 Cordell Hull, Memoirs, 2 vols. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1948), I, 608. The text of the declaration is in United States Department of State, Peace and War, pp. 439-40.

11 See Ch. VIII, below.

12 The items mentioned were discussed at meetings of the Standing Liaison Committee (State-War-Navy) on 20 June and 14 November 1938 and at a meeting of its joint Secretariat on 26 September 1938. SLC Min, Vol. I, Items 12, 18, 19.

13 Hull, Memoirs, I, 602.

14 Alsop and Kintner, American White Paper, p. 30.

15 Remarks recorded by Carlton Savage of the Department of State in a memorandum of 19 May 1939 and quoted in Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 138-39.

16 Ltr, JB to JPC, 12 Nov 38, JB 325, ser 634. The Joint Board consisted of the Chief of Staff the Chief of Naval Operations, and their principal deputies and planning assistants; the joint Planning Committee, of officers detailed from the two services' War Plans Divisions.

17 Memo, WPD for G-2, 16 Nov 38, WPD 4115-1.

18 Capt Tracy B. Kittredge, USN, MS, U.S.-British Naval Cooperation, 1939-1945 (hereafter cited as Kittredge MS), Ch. 4, App. A, p. 29.

19 The information in this and the three preceding paragraphs has been derived principally from: Memo, WPD for CofS, 2 May 39, WPD 4175; WPD Memo, 7 Aug 39, WPD 3493-13; JB 325, sers 634, 642, 642-1; and the Kittredge MS, Ch. 4, Apps. A and B: For a more detailed account of the inception and development of the RAINBOW plans, see Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941-1942, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington: 1953) (hereafter cited as Strategic Planning, 1941-42), pp. 5-8.

20 Kittredge MS, Ch. 4, App. B, pp. 51-52.

21 Memo, Adm Stark, CNO, for President Roosevelt, 4 Sep 39, sub: Summary of Current Items, Roosevelt Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, N.Y. (FDRL). This memorandum announced that the Navy had obtained aviation bases for "routine training flights" in Bermuda, St. Lucia, and Trinidad, for which nominal rentals were to be paid. On the Latin American arrangements, see Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 215-16.

22 Memo, DCofS for WPD, 1 Dec 36; Memo, WPD for CofS, 18 Dec 36. Both in WPD 3977.

23 Memo, WPD for CofS, 4 Oct 34, AG 601.1 (10-4-34); Notes on SLC Joint Secretariat mtg, 23 Nov 38, and on SLC mtg, 9 Dec 38, SLC Min, Vol. I, Items 21 and 26; Ltr, CG PCD to TAG, 5 Jan 39, AG 601.1 (10-4-34); Memo, WPD for CofS, 13 Apr 39, WPD 3782-4; 1st Ind, TAG to CG PCD, 17 Jun 39, on Ltr, CG PCD to TAG, 2 Jun 39, WPD 3782-6; Ltr, TAG to CG PCD, 29 Jul 39, AG 601.1 (10-4-34) .

24 Located roughly 2,000 miles west of Chile and 2,000 miles southwest of the Galapagos.

25 Ltr, Welles to President, 14 Mar 39; Memo, President for Welles, 25 Mar 39. Both in Roosevelt Papers, FDRL.

26 Ltr, Under Secy State to SW, 12 May 39, AG 601.1 (10-4-34).

27 Tab B, par 12a, Memo, WPD for CofS, 21 Dec 39, WPD 3807-41.

28 Navy Dept Ltr of 15 Mar 39, quoted in Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 136.

29 Tab X3, par 12, Air Bd Report, 26 Jun 39, WPD 3748-17.

30 This argument is developed in Tab X3, pars 1-5, Air Bd Report, 26 Jun 39, WPD 3748-17.

31 See Chs. XI and XII, below.

32 On Greenland: Memo, WPD for CofS, 15 May 39; and Ltr, SW to Dir Bur of Budget, 16 May 39. Both in WPD 4173. On Dutch West Indies: Memo, WPD for CofS, 13 May 39; and Ltr, SW to Dir Bur of Budget, 16 May 39. Both in WPD 4172.

33 Tab F, par. 8, Air Bd Report, 26 Jun 39, WPD 3748-17.

34 Watson, Prewar Plans and Preparations, pp. 64-69.

35 On the War Plans Division, see Ray S. Cline, Washington Command Post: The Operations Division, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington: 1951) (hereafter cited as Washington Command Post); on General Headquarters, see Kent R. Greenfield and Robert R. Palmer, "Origins of the Army Ground Forces: General Headquarters, United States Army, 1940-42," in The Organization of Ground Combat Troops, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington: 1947).

36 The organization and prewar defense preparations of the Army's continental forces are dealt with in detail in Chapters I and II of the second volume of this subseries (now in preparation), Stetson Conn, Rose C. Engel man, and Byron Fairchild, Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, (hereafter cited as Guarding the United States).

37 Draft study, n.d. (but about Feb 40), OPD Exec 4, Item 5.

38 Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1939, p. 56.

39 Ibid., p. 35; Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, July 1, 1939 to June 30, 1941, to the Secretary of War, Chart 1.

40 Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1939, pp. 35, 52.

41 OCS Memo, 27 Oct 38, WPD 1956-54.

42 President's message to Congress, 21 Jan 39, U.S. Dept of State, Peace and War, pp. 451-54; WPD Aide-Memoire, 6 May 39, WPD 3807-31; Memo, WPD for Col Laurence Watts, 8 Jan 40, WPD 3807-48; Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 473-74; Wesley Frank Craven and James Lee Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. I, Plans and Early Operations January 1939 to August 1942 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948) (hereafter cited as AAF 1 ), pp. 104ff.

43 Various papers, dated March June 1939, WPD 3748-17; WPD Aide-Memoire, 6 May 39, WPD 3807-31.

44 WPD Aide-Memoire, 16 May 39, title: NE Air Base, WPD 3807-31; Tabs F and X, Air Bd Report, 26 Jun 39, WPD 3748-17.

45 Tabs F, X, and Y, Air Bd Report, 26 Jun 39, WPD 3748-17.

46 Tab F, Air Bd Report, 26 Jun 39, WPD 3748-17.

47 The Air Board in June 1939 recommended a minimum strength of 240 bombardment and pursuit planes for Hawaii; on the morning of 7 December 1941, there were 233 such planes in Hawaii, nearly half of which were obsolete. The 1941 figure is taken from tables presented by Brig. Gen. Leonard T. Gerow of the War Plans Division to the Military Commission on 18 December 1941. WPD 4268-2. A somewhat lower figure for 1941 strength is given in Craven and Cate, AAF 1, p. 171.

48 Memo, SGS for WPD, 17 Apr 39, WPD 4161.

49 Memo, WPD for CofS, 20 Apr 39, WPD 4161.

50 Memo, WPD for CofS, 1 May 39, WPD 4161-1.

51 Memo, Brig Gen George C. Marshall for Brig Gen George V. Strong WPD, 5 Aug 39. The copy of this memo is designated OCS 21081, but it is actually filed in OCS 15758-42.

52 Alsop and Kintner, American White Paper, p. 55; Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 186.

53 Memo, Actg DCofS for WPD 18 Aug 39; Memo, WPD for CofS, 21 Aug 39. Both in WPD 4191. Memo, WPD for CofS, 21 Aug 39, WPD 4191-1; Memo, SW for President,--Aug 39, Roosevelt Papers, FDRL. By mischance, no copy of this latter memorandum was kept in Army records. There is also a binder in the OCS files (Emergency Measures, 1939-40, Binder 1) that presents these proposals in chart form.

54 Memo, OCS for CofS et al, 1 Sep 39, WPD 4191; OCS Memo for Record, 5 Sep 39, WPD 4191-8. Despite the increase previously authorized in June the Regular Army did not start to grow beyond its 30 June strength until September, and it did not attain the newly authorized strength until February 1940. Annual Report of the Secretary of liar, 1940, Table C, opposite p. 31.

55 Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, July 1, 1939 to June 30, 1941, to the Secretary of War, p. 2.

56 Correspondence in WPD 4191-3, WPD 4191-4, and WPD 4191-5.

57 EO 8732, 5 Sep 39.

58 Ltr, CofS to CNO, 9 Sep 39, WPD 4191-12.

59 Telg, TAG to CG Sixth Corps Area, 2 Sep 39; Ltr, CG Sixth Corps Area to TAG, 7 Sep 39. Both in AG 821 (9-1-39).

60 Memo, Chief Counter Intelligence Br G-2 for TAG, 2 Sep 39, AG 381 (8-24-39), Sec. 1.

61 President's Fireside Chat, 3 September 1939, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, compiled by Samuel I. Rosenman, 1939 volume: War-and Neutrality (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941) (hereafter cited as FDR Public Papers and Addresses, 1939), pp. 460-64.

62 Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 208, citing Diary of Adolf A. Berle, entry of 26 Aug 39.

63 Alsop and Kintner, American White Paper, pp. 60-69.

64 Documents on American Foreign Relations, July 1939 June 1940, S. Shepard Jones and Denys P. Myers, eds. (Boston: World Peace Foundation, 1940), II, 108. The other resolutions adopted are also included in this volume. See also, Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 206-18; and Alsop and Kintner, American White Paper, pp. 68-73.

65 Hull, Memoirs, 1, 690-92.

66 Samuel Eliot Morison History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. I, The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939-May 1943 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1947) (hereafter cited as Battle of the Atlantic), pp. 13-16; Alsop and Kintner, American White Paper, p. 70; Langer and Gleason Challenge to Isolation p. 215. Various memos in Roosevelt Papers, FDRL, especially Memo, President for Actg SN Charles Edison, 9 Oct 39. In at least one instance Army aircraft collaborated with the Navy in patrolling the coast of Mexico outside its territorial waters. Memo, OCS for CofS, 2 Nov 39, OCS 20218-47. For 1941 developments, see Ch. V, below.

67 Memo Under Secy State Welles for President, 4 Nov 39; Memo, President for Welles, 9 Nov 39; and Memo, Welles for President, 16 Nov 39. All in Roosevelt Papers, FDRL.

68 On the third point, see Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 291ff.

69 Alsop and Kintner, American White Paper, p. 65.

70 Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 203, citing entry in Berle Diary after conference on 3 September.

71 Alsop and Kintner, American White Paper, p. 74.

72 See Ch. III, below.

73 Tab B, par 9, Memo, WPD for CofS, 21 Dec 39, WPD 3807-41.

74 WPD study, 30 Oct 39, title: Analysis of the Effect on the Security of the United States of the Defeat of Great Britain and France in the Present War, WPD 3793-80.

75 Tab 1, WPD study, Oct 39, WPD 4078-3; Memo, WPD for CofS, 21 Dec 39 and atchd Tabs B and C, WPD 3807-41.

76 Statements based on various WPD papers, including: Table 2, atchd to WPD study, 1 Nov 39, WPD 4175-2; WPD Interoffice Memo, -- Nov 39, WPD 3674-20; Memo, WPD for G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4, 2 Feb 40, WPD 4175-11.

77 The staff study on the possible reduction of the Army is in WPD 3674-24; the plan for the increase in the National Guard, and its shelving in March 1940, is in WPD 3674-18.

78 Biennial Report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, July 1, 1939 to June 30, 1941, to the Secretary of War, p. 3; Frye, Marshall: Citizen Soldier, p. 273.