Endnotes for Chapter XVI

1 Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and Wear (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), p. 407.

2 Memo, WPD for TAG, 10 Dec 41, sub: Aircraft Carriers off Mexican Coast (for dispatch to CG CDC), WPD 4622-13; Memo, WPD for TAG, 10 Dec 41, sub: Reported Jap Concentration West of Canal (for dispatch to CG CDC); Memo for Rcd, Col Slocum (WPD), 10 Dec 41, Last two in WPD 4622-14. Rad, CG CDC to GHQ, 13 Dec 411, GHQ G-3 file, Corresp With CDC.

3 Stimson Diary, entry of 12 Dec 41; Memo, Gen Marshall for Gen Gerow, 5 Dec 41, WPD 2917-32.

4 Memo, WPD for Adm Stark, 12 Dec 41, with draft proposal and map attached, WPD 2917-34 ; Memo, WPD for CofS, 12 Dec 411; Memo, CNO for CofS, (12 Dec 41) . Last two in WPD 2917-35.

5 Min, JB Mtg, 13 Dec 41.

6 Memo, Col Slocum (WPD) for Gen Gerow, 16 Dec 41, and Memo, Gen Marshall for Adm. Stark, 16 Dec 41. Both in WPD 2917-35. Memo, Adm Stark for Gen Marshall, 17 Dec 41, WPD 2917-37; Min, JB Mtg, 17 Dec 41 ; Typed notation on Memo, Gen McNair (GHQ) for CofS, 18 Dec 41, OCS 21278-9.

7 Msg, CNO to Comdr, Panama Naval Coastal Frontier, 19 Dec 41, and Memo, WPD for TAG, 19 Dec 41 (dispatched as Rad 7 to CG CDC). Both in WPD 2917-37. Memo, Adm Stark for Gen Marshall, 17 Dec 41, WPD 2917-35.

8 Memo, WPD for TAG, 19 Dec 41 (dispatched as Rad 9 to CG CDC); Rad, Gen Andrews to Gen Marshall, 20 Dec 41. Both in WPD 2917-37.

9 GHQ Conf Rpts, 12 Dec, 15 Dec, 19 Dec, 22 Dec, and 27 Dec, GHQ 337 Staff Confs, binder 2.

10 Strength figures for both Panama and Puerto Rico are based on the statistical summary, Strength of U.S. Army Forces . . . , compiled by Statistical Section, OCMH.

11 Memo, CNO for CofS GHQ, 4 Dec 41, on D/F, WPD to GHQ, 11 Dec 41, WPD 4415-15 ; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, pp. 148-51; Ltr, Gen Andrews to Gen Marshall, 16 Dec 41, WPD 4452-16. In February 1942 the coastal frontiers were renamed sea frontiers.

12 Memo, CNO for CofS GHQ, 4 Dec 41, on D/F, WPD to GHQ, 11 Dec 41, WPD 4415-I5 ; Ltr, Adm J. H. Hoover (ret) to Acting Chief of Military History, 23 Apr 59, in OCMH files; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, p. 146. A local naval command was shortly established at Curacao.

13 Memo, WPD for CofS GHQ, 14 Dec 41, WPD 4622-40.

14 On the Caribbean theater operations plan of December 1941, see historical monograph by the Hist Sec, CDC, War Plans and Defense Measures, pp. 33-59.

15 Rad, GHQ to CG, CDC, 11 Dec 41, GHQ G-3 file, Corresp With CDC.

16 Memo, J.T.L. [Maj John T. Lewis] for CofS, 10 Jan 42, with notation by Gen Marshall for SW, AG 320.2 (9-23-41) ; Memo, Asst Secy State Adolf A. Berle, Jr., for the President, 28 Jan 42, WPD 4577-15; Memo, President Roosevelt for Asst Secy State Berle, 29 Jan 42, Roosevelt Papers, 11, p. 1281 ; Monograph by Hist Sec, CDC, Occupation and Use of Bases in . . . Aruba and Curaqao, OCMH, pp. 14-16, 20.

17 Illustrative maps are in CDC Monograph, Army and Navy Boundaries of the Caribbean Defense Command, ff. PP-. 7, 8, 25, 33, 45.

18 Memo, CofS for USW, )10 Jan 42, OCS 21358-2 ; Ltr, Adm Hoover to Adm Stark, CNO, 7 Jan 42, AG 320.2 (9-23-41) ; Ltr, Gen Andrews to Gen McNair, 15 Jan 42, WPD 4452-19; Memo, G-2 for CofS, 26 Jan 42, WPD 4440-25.

19 Memo, WPD for CofS, 17 Apr 41, WPD 4351-100.

20 Note submitted by British delegation to the Jt U.S.-British Committee on Coordination, 20 Jul 41, WPD 4351-100.

21 Memo, WPD for COB, 31 Jul 41, WPD 4351-100; Text of the agreement in TBC, Hist Sec, CDC, Hist of TS and BC, III, app. A.

22 Articles 17, 20, 21 of the agreement of 30 Aug 41, cited in preceding note.

23 Articles 5-9 of the agreement of 30 Aug 41, cited above.

24 Min, JB Mtg, 3 Nov 41, Pearl Harbor Attack, pt. 14, p. 1063 ; Ltr, Comdr L. R. MacDowell, USN, to British Jt Staff Mission, 13 Nov 4 1; Memo, Col William P. Scobey for CofS, 12 Dec 41. Both in WPD 4351-100.

25 Ltr, Gen Talbot to Gov Young, 21 Aug 41; Ltr, Gen Talbot to CG CDC, 28 Aug 41. Both in WPD 4357-20.

26 Min, Local Combined Def COMM Mtg, 3 Jan 42; par. 11, TBC, Hist Sec, CDC, Hist of TS and BC, III, app. C.

27 In addition to Min, Local Combined Def Comm, Mtg, 3 Jan 42, see also Min, Mtg, 20 Dec 41; ibid., app. B.

28 Corresp relating to General Pratt's appointment in OCS 21042-48/50.

29 Memo, USW for SW, 8 Apr 42, WDCSA-CDC.

30 TBC, Hist Sec, CDC, Hist o€ TS and BC, 111, 49-51, app. D.

31 Ltr, Maj Gen Thomas T. Handy, ACofS OPD to COMINCH, 29 Oct 42, WPD 384 CDC (3-9-42) sec. I, case 18.

32 Ltr, Adm Hoover to Gen Andrews, 8 Oct 42; Ltr, Gen Hardy to COMINCH, 29 Oct 42, and Note for Rcd, n.d. All in WPD 384 CDC (3-9-42), sec. 1, case 18.

33 OPD Dig 3 Dec 42, sub: Unity of Commd in CDC, with Note for Rcd, ibid., case 17.

34 Ltr, Dr. A. Loudon, Netherlands Minister, to Under Secy State Welles, 6 Jan 42, WPD 4577-10.

35 Ltr, Under Secy Welles to Netherlands Minister, Jan 42, WPD 4577-10.

36 Hist Sec, CDC, Bases in . . . Aruba and Curacao, pp. 21, 33-35.

37 lbtd., pp. 37-38 ; Memo, Under Secy Welles for Gen Marshall, 12 Mar 42 ; Memo from Netherlands Govt, same date. Last two in OCS 21278-22. Memo, Rear Adm F. J. Horne, for Under Secy State Welles, 12 Mar 42, WDCSA 381; Memo, OPD for TAG, 26 Mar 42, OPD 384 CDC (3-9-42) sec. I.

38 Hist Sec, CDC, Bases in . . . Aruba and Curacao, p. 38.

39 Hist Sec, CDC, Entry of United States [troops] into Surinam, pp. 29-30.

40 Memo, WPD for Cofs, 19 Feb 42 ; Memo, SW for Secy State, 19 Feb 42. Both in WPD 4580-49.

41 Quoted in Memo, CofS for Admiral Stark, 24 Feb 42, OCS 21203-45.

42 B.d.U. War Logs, 1 Jan 42-30 Jun 42; Memo, Gen Marshall for Admiral King, 19 Jun 42, quoted in Ernest J. King and Walter M. Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1952) p. 455; CDC Monograph, Antisubmarine Activities in the Caribbean Defense Command 1941-46, pp. 37-43, 52, app. B. Losses in the Gulf Sea Frontier south and east of a line from Cape Sable, Fla., to Veracruz, Mexico, have been included. Although the Caribbean -Sea Frontier had actually no eastern boundary short of the midocean strategic limits, a line, for the purpose of controlling shipping, was established from 65° west, 25° north, to 50° 20' west, 4º 20' north; and all losses east of this line, as well as sailing vessels lost, are excluded from the above totals. See Table 5, Shipping Losses in the Caribbean Area, January 1942-July 1944

43 Ltr, Gen Andrews to Col Deane, SGS, 8 Apr 42, WDCSA 381 ; Memo, DCofS for Air for G-2, 10 Feb 42, OCS 21347-72 ; Ltr, Mr. Watson-Watt to Lt Col Eugene L. Harrison, 28 Mar 42, Stimson file, ASV.

44 Rpt by ASN for Air, quoted in Memo, G-2 for GHQ and WPD, 17 Dec 41, WPD 4452-20. Hist Sec, CDC, Communications and Radar in . . . the Caribbean Defense Command, in OCMH, p. 73 ; see also above, Pp. 345-46.

45 Ltr, CofAAF to TAG, 22 Dec 41, OCS 21203-26.

46 For a detailed discussion of radar problems, see Thompson et al., Signal Corps: The Test, ch III.

47 Ltr, SW to Mr. J. L. Ralston, Minister of National Defense, Ottawa, 13 Feb 42, OCS 21203-37; Memo, Col Sherrill for Gen Eisenhower, 24 Feb 42, WPD 4186-23.

48 Digest of Rpt in app. I Hist Div, CDC monograph, Communications and Radar in . . . CDC.

49 Memo, Mr. Watson-Watt for SW Stimson, by Ltr to Col Harrison, 28 Mar 42, Stimson file, ASV.

50 See comment by CG 6th AF on Watson-Watt Rpt, 2 May 42, in app. II, Hist Div, CDC, Communications and Radar in . . . CDC, and James Phinney Baxter 3d, Scientists Against Time (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1946), pp. 31-32.

51 Stimson Diary, entries of 11 Mar 42 and 16 Mar 42 ; Memo, President Roosevelt for SW, 16 Mar 42, Stimson file, White House; Ltr, SW to Gen Andrews, 17 Mar 42, SW file, Panama 151 ; Gen Council Min, 24 Mar 42. The quotation is from Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 407.

52 6th Ind, Hq AAF to CG CDC, 1 May 42, to Ltr, Hq Caribbean AF to CG CDC, 30 Jan 42, AG 320.2 (3-5-41) (A).

53 Thompson et al., Signal Corps: The Test, ch. IX; Hist Sec, CDC, Communications and Radar in . . . CDC, p. 152.

54 ibid., pp. 152-53, 161, and for the quotation, p. 157.

55 Ibid., pp. 149-158. TBC, Hist Sec, CDC, Hist of TS and BC, III, 191-92 ; ibid., 1V, 36-37 ; Hist Div, CDC, Antisubmarine Activities in CDC, pp. 62, 64, 109; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, pp. 153-54.

56 Memo, Brig Gen Thomas T. Handy (OPD) for CNO, 24 Apr 41, WPD 3558-26. Records of the Antilles Air Task Force (USAF, History of Antilles Air Command 1940-1945, OCMH, pp. 63-64, 67), which comprised all tactical air units in the Caribbean Sea Frontier, show the following deployment of units available for antisubmarine operations:

Camagüey, Cuba: Flight "A," 27th Reconnaissance Squadron (later 417th Bombardment Squadron)

Vernon Field, Jamaica: Detachment, 27th Reconnaissance Squadron

Borinquen Field, P.R.: Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, 25th Bombardment Group; 10th Bombardment Squadron; Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, 40th Bombardment Group; 29th Bombardment Squadron; 44th Bombardment Squadron; 45th Bombardment Squadron; 27th Reconnaissance Squadron (less units at Camagüey and Jamaica) ; 5th Reconnaissance Squadron (later 395th Bombardment Squadron)

Benedict Field, St. Croix: 12th Bombardment Squadron

Coolidge Field, Antigua: 35th Bombardment Squadron

Beane Field, St. Lucia: 5th Bombardment Squadron

Waller Field, Trinidad: Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, 9th Bombardment Group; 1st Bombardment Squadron

Atkinson Field, British Guiana: 44th Reconnaissance Squadron (later 430th Bombardment Squadron)

Zanderij Field, Surinam: 99th Bombardment Squadron

Curacao: Flight "B," 59th Bombardment Squadron (from Panama)

Aruba: Flight "C," 59th Bombardment Squadron (from Panama)

57 Ibid., p. 49 ; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, pp. a 152-53.

58 OPD Weekly Status Map, 1 Oct 42.

59 USAF, Hist of Antilles Air Comd, pp. 71-75.

60 Situation reports in B.d.U. War Logs, Aug-Sep 42.

61 USAF, Hist of Antilles Air Comd, p. 81; Hist 'Div, CDC, Antisubmarine Activities in CDC, p. 69.

62 See Chart I, Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, pp. 352-53; Morison, Operations in North African Waters, pp. 167-74.

63 On this subject, see Memo, CofS CDC to CG FF, 30 Dec 41, GHQ G-3 file, Corresp With CDC; USAF, The Antisubmarine Command, Apr 45, OCMH, p. 139; Craven and Cate, eds., Plans and Early Operations, p. 537.

64 Memo, CNO for CofS GHQ, 4 Dec 41, WPD 4415-15.

65 Craven and Cate, eds., Plans and Early Operations, p. 537. Also on this same subject, see ibid., pp. 548-50; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, pp. 237-44; King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, pp. 445-59; USAF, The Antisubmarine Comd, p. 138; USAF, Hist of Antilles Air Comd, p. 80.

66 USAF, The Antisubmarine Comd, p. 141. Ltr, CofS to Lt Gen George H. Brett, 1 Dec 42, CofS files-CDC (A387) .

67 USAF, The Antisubmarine Comd, p. 139.

68 Quoted in Craven and Cate, eds., Europe: TORCH to POINTBLANK, p. 387.

69 Accounts of the controversy, from the points of view of the respective services, are in King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, pp. 451-71 ; Craven and Cate, eds., Europe: TORCH to POINTBLANK, pp. 380-92, 402-11 ; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 510-14.

70 B.d.U. War Logs, 1 Jan 43 et seq.

71 USAF, Hist of Antilles Air Comd, pp. 68-70, 80-82, 111-13 ; Morison, Battle o f the Atlantic, pp. 347-48 ; Hist Div, CDC, Antisubmarine Activities in CDC, pp. 111-16 ; List of Enemy Submarines Captured and Sunk by U.S. Forces . . . , CNO OPNAV P-33-l00-NEW-5-46.

72 Memo, Gen Gerow for Adze Turner, 9 Feb 42, WPD 4351-8, sec. 2.

73 War Council Min, 21 Oct 42, OCS files, SW Conf, binder 2; Memo, Maj Gen Thomas T. Handy (OPD) for COB, 4 Jan 43, CofS files, CDC (A387).

74 Memo, Brig Gen John E. Hull (OPD) for DCofS, 13 Oct 43, CofS files,`CDC (A387) ; Hist Div, CDC, Hist of Caribbean Theater, 11, 550-51.

75 G-2 Strategic Estimate-Martinique (1943), 22 Feb 43, WFD 380 Axis (3-5-42), case 33; TBC, Hist Sec, CDC, Hist of TS and BC, 1, 262-69 ; Ibid., II, 76-77 ; Hist Div, CDC, Hist of Caribbean Theater, II, 592-94, 599-601 ; USAF Hist of the Antilles Air Comd, p. 59, an. 2.

76 TBC, Hist Sec, CDC, Hist of TS and BC, 1, 213-26, III, 136-38 ; Hist Div, CDC, Hist of Caribbean Theater, 11, 597-98; Hull, Memoirs, 11, 1223-24.

77 General Council Min, 11 Jan 43, 29 Mar 43, 12 APr 43, OCS files; Hist Div, Antilles Dept, CDC, Puerto Rican Induction Program and Use of Puerto Rican Troops, pp. 47-48, 50-61.

78 Hist Div, Antilles Dept, CDC, Puerto Rican Induction Program and Use of Puerto Rican Troops, pp. 71-75. Memo, Col Walter C. Sweeney, Jr. (OPD) for Col Kenner F. Hertford (OPD), 5 Oct 43, and Memo, Gen Hull for DCofS, 13 Oct 43; both in WDCSA 42-43, CDC.


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