Endnotes for Chapter XVIII

1 A substantially similar version of the first two-thirds of this chapter appeared as study 3 of the OCMH edition of Command Decisions.

2 See Conn and Fairchild, Framework of Hemisphere Defense, pp. 99-100.

3 Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, p. 688.

4 Memo of Conv Between S. J. Stefansson, Icelandic Minister for Foreign Affairs, and B. Eric Kuniholm, American Consul, Reykjavik, 18 Dec 40; Dispatch, Kuniholm to Dept of State, 24 Dec 40. Both in AG 380 (2-1-41) Iceland; Ltr, Under Secy State Sumner Welles to SN Frank Knox, 20 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ, INDIGO "A."

5 Memo, WPD, for CofS, 10 Feb 41, WPD file 4493 sec. 1.

6 Ltr, SW to Secy State, 11 Feb 41 ; Telg, Secy State to American Consul at Reykjavik (No. 1), 18 Jan 41. Both in AG 380 (2-1-41) Iceland.

7 Stimson Diary, entry of 10 Apr 41 ; Calendar of Hopkins Papers, bk. IV, items 3, 4. See also Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 368.

8 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 290.

9 Memo, Brig Gen Harry J. Malony, Acting ACofS WPD, for COB, 30 Apr 41, WPD 4493 see. 1; Memo, Col Orlando Ward for CofS, 2 May 41, CCS Confs, binder 15: Ltr, TAG to CG 5th Div et al., 13 May 41, and ist Ind to foregoing from Col Bird S. Dubois, to TAG, 19 May 41. Last two in WPD 4493 sec. 1.

10 Memo, Gen Malony, Acting ACofS WPD for CofS, 16 May 41, WPD 4300-10; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, pp. 66-67; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 296.

11 Memo, Gen Malony, Acting ACofS WPD, for ACofS G-2, 7 May 41, WPD 4300-7.

12 Memo, unsigned, undated, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A." A fuller account of the Army's Azores planning appears in Conn and Fairchild, Framework o f Hemisphere Defense, ch. V.

13 Conf in Secy Stimson's office with Geri Marshall et al., 19 May 41, Pearl Harbor Attack, pt. 15, p. 1631; ist Ind (to Memo, Gen Malony for G-2, 16 May), G-2 to WPD, 20 May 41, WPD 4300-10; Ltr, "Betty" [Adm Stark] to Adm Kimmel, CINCPAC, 24 May 41, Pearl Harbor Attack, pt. 16, pp. 2168-70.

14 Edgar W. McInnis, The War: Second Year (London: Oxford University Press, 1941), pp. 186-92.

15 Memo, G-2 for CofS, 7 Apr 41, wPD 4402-5, sec. 1.

16 Ltr, Cofs to Gen Chaney, 24 Apr 41, sub: Ltr of Instr, WPD 4402-5, sec. 1.

17 For details of this decision see Conn and Fairchild, Framework of Hemisphere Defense, pp. 121-25 .

18 Memo, WPD for TAG, 3 Jun 41, sub: Special Observers to Iceland; Memo, WPD for TAG, 5 Jun 41, sub: Iceland Reconnaissance. Both in WPD 4493 sec. 1.

19 SPOBS, The Special Observer Group Prior to the Activation of the ETO, Hist Monograph, OCMH.

20 Rpt, Comdr D. L. Ryan to CNO, 2 May 41, WPD 4493-1, sec. 1 ; Memo, Capt R. E. Schuirmann for Gen Marshall, 7 May 41, GHQ 333.1-IBC, binder 38.

21 Tentative List of Units for Iceland (no date, filed wth WPD Memo to COB, 5 Jun 41 ), OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

22 Chart Showing Readiness of Divisions for Field Service (as of 31 March 41), WPD 4416.

23 Emergency Expeditionary Force Plan, inclosure to Memo, WPD for CofS, 15 May 41, WPD 3493-11 > Memo, WPD for CofS, 9 Jun 41, sub: Readiness of Combat Divs, WPD 4416-1.

24 Memo, Gen Moore, DCofS, for SW, 10 Jul 41, sub: Utilization of Army Vessels, G-4/2977-26. See also Chester Wardlow, The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and Operations, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1951), ch. V, and Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940-43, ch. II.

25 Memo, Gross, G-4, for Gen Gerow, WPD, 5 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A," and Memo, unsigned, sub: Tonnage and Cubage of Equipment of Army Troops, n.d., filed with it.

26 Memo, WPD for CofS, 5 Jun 41, sub: Transports for Movement to Iceland, WPD 4493-3, sec. 1.

27 Ltr, TAG to CG'S, 21 May 41, sub: Navy Western Hemisphere Defense Plan 2, WPD 4414-1-

28 Memo, Lt Col Hugh N. Herrick, Asst OCofCA, for ACofS WPD, 5 Jun 41, WPD 4493-29, sec. 1.

29 Strengthening the National Defense, Statement of General George C. Marshall (Testimony of 9 Jul 41 in Hearings Before the Committee on Military Afairs, U.S. Senate, 9 Jul 41) (Washington, 1941); Memo, Col Herrick for ACofS WPD, 5 Jun 41, WPD 4493-29.

30 Memo, Gross, G-4, for ACofS WPD, 5 Jun 4 1, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

31 Memo, WPD for CofS, 5 Jun 41, sub: Transports for Movement to Iceland, WPD 4493-3, sec. 1.

32 Gerow Diary, entry of 7 Jun 41.

33 Draft Ltr of Instr, CNO to CINCLANT, 12 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A." The official mimeographed orders were dated 16 June. See also, John L. Zimmerman, The First Marine Brigade (Provisional): Ireland, 1941-42 (Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps,1946), p. 6.

34 Memo, G-1 for COPS, 9 Jun 41, OCS 21176-6 ; Telg, TAG to CG 5th Div, 11 Jun 41; unsigned Memo reference a Conf held in WPD on 12 Jun, 13 Jun 41. Last two in WPD 4416-1. Memo, unsigned, OCNO, 16 Jun 41, sub: Tentative Schedule for Move of Army to INDIGO, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

35 Notes on Conf in Office of the SW, 19 May 41, OCS file, Emergency Measures----1939-40, binder 1.

36 Memo, Lt Col Lee S. Gerow for Gen Gerow, WPD, Jun 41, sub: Readiness of the 5th Division, WPD 4416-1.

37 INDIGO was the code name used for Iceland.

38 The other members of the Army survey party of 3 June were sent with the ist Marine Brigade and therefore did not reach Iceland until 7 July.

39 Cable, ALABASTER to TROOPERS (Personal from Gen Curtis to Chief of the Imperial General Staff), 13 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

40 Hist Div, U.S. Forces European Theater, Administrative and Logistical History of the European Theater of Operations, pt. I, The Predecessor Commands: The Special Observers (SPOBS) and United States Army Forces in the British Isles (USAFBI), Hist Monograph, OCMH, pp. 40-41; Rad, TAG to SPOBS, No. 16, 27 Jun 41, WPD 4402-34, sec 2.

41 A copy of the report by Colonel O'Connell and Captain Arnold (9-16 June 1941) is in OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

42 RPt of Reconnaissance of Iceland, General Chaney to CofS, 19 Jun 41, WPD 4493-20, sec. 1.

43 Cables, SPOBS to TAG, No. 13, 18 Jun 41, WPD 4493-11, sec. 1; SPOBS to TAG, No. 15, 19 Jun 41; OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A"; TAG to SPOBS, No. 11, 23 Jun 41, AG 320.2 (6-94-41) . For the breakdown of the War Department estimate, see note on copy of foregoing radiogram in OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

44 Rad, SPOBS to TAG, No. 19, 25 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A." General Chaney was probably basing his figures on British Army housing scales, which allotted considerably less space per man than the corresponding American tables.

45 Rad, TAG to SPOBS, No. 18, 28 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

46 Memo (unused) WPD for CofS, 19 Jun 41, sub: Relief of British Troops in Iceland, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."; Memo, WPD for COPS, 21 Jun 41, sub: U.S. Forces for INDIGO,. WPD 4493-5, sec. 1.

47 Memo, Gross, G-4, for ACofS WPD, 5 Jun 41 and accompanying Tonnage and Cubage of Equipment of Army Troops, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A"; Memo, WPD for CofS, 21 Jun 41, sub: U.S. Forces for INDIGO, WPD 4493-15, sec. 1; Memo Capt Oscar Smith, USN, for Lt Col Leven C. Allen, WPD, 20 Jun 41, sub: Logistics Involved . . . , OPD-GHQ INDIGO.

48 Memo, Smith for Allen, 20 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO.

49 Gerow Diary, entries of 19 and 20 Jun 41.

50 Memo, G-4 for ACofS, WPD, 25 Jun 41, WPD 4493-38, sec. 1.

51 Memo, WPD for CofS, 19 Jun 41, sub: Enlargement of the Functions of GHQ, WPD 3209-10; GHQ Diary, AGF file 314.81, 6-23-41 to 3-4-42 ; Greenfield et al., Organization of Ground Combat Troops, pp. 15-20. See also, in the same series, Cline, The Operations Division, pp. 61-67.

52 Joint Army and Navy Basic Plan for the Occupation of Iceland by a Permanent Garrison of the US. Army (short title: INDIGO), submitted 1 Jul 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "B "

53 An. C to INDIGO Directive, cited n. 52.

54 Ltr, British Ambassador Lord Halifax to Under Secy of State Welles, 28 Jun 41; Telg, Foreign Office to Halifax, 28 Jun 41 ; Ltr, Welles to Marshall, 29 Jun 41. All in OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A." Rpt of Conf between the British and American Ministers to Iceland and the Prime Minister (Iceland) from American Minister to Secy of State, 28 Oct 41, GHQ 320.2 Iceland-Strength.

55 Defense of Iceland by U.S. Forces; Agreement Between the United States of America and Iceland, Department of State Executive Agreement Series 232, No. 1703 (Washington, 1942). (In the interest of clarity, a few changes of punctuation have been made in the quoted extract.)

56 Memo, WPD for CofS, 1 Jul 41, sub: Relief of British, INDIGO, WPD 4493-31, sec. 1.

57 Memo, CNO for Dir of War Plans (USN), 1 Jul 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

58 Admiralty to Jt Staff Mission, 3 Jul 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

59 Memo, WPD for TAG, 5 Jul 41 (with Cable 22 to SPOBS), WPD 4493-37, sec. 1.

60 The New York Times, Friday, July 4, 1941.

61 Ibid., Saturday, July 5, Sunday, July 6, and Tuesday, July 8, 1941.

62 Memo, Maj Whitcomb for Col Dillon, 27 Jun 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A. "

63 The convoy operations are described in the following reports: U.S. Naval Observer (First Provisional Marine Brigade) to CNO, 15 Jul 41, and Ltr, Commandant, USMC, to CNO, 28 Jul 41. Both in WPD 4493-74, sec. 3 ; Col Iry to CofEngrs, no date, WPD 4493-57 sec. 3 ; Msg, COMTRANSDIV TWO to COMBATDIV FIVE, 19 Jul 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

64 Ltr, B. Eric Kuniholm (then U.S. consul, Reykjavik) to Acting Chief of Military History, 21 Apr 59, in OCMH files.

65 Rad, 19, TAG to SPOBS, 2 Jul 41, WPD 4493-34, sec. 1 ; Gerow Diary, entry of 5 Jul 41.

66 Jt Army and Navy Directive . . . INDIGO-I, submitted to JB, 10 Jul 41, WPD 4493-41, sec. 2 ; Ltr, TAG to CG's NYPE, Langley Field, and Mitchel Field, and Chiefs, Supply Arms and Services, 15 Jul 41, sub: Task Force 4; and Rad, TAG to CG NYPE, 16 Jul 41. Both in GHQ 2860 Corresp, binder 47.

67 INDIGO-I Directive, 10 Jul 41, cited n. 66; Hq IBC, Rcd of Events, IBC, 14 June -1941-30 June 1942, IBC 314.7.

68 Memo, Col Hays, G-3 Sec GHQ, for Planning Sec, GHQ, 10 Jul 41, OPD Misc, Jt Plans-INDIGO; Memo, Gee Malony DCofS GHQ for ACofS WPD, 6 Aug 41, WPD 4493-86, sec. 3.

69 Theater of Operations Plan, IBC, AG 136 file (1 Aug 41 ) .

70 Memo, SW for the President, sub: Relief of British Troops in Iceland, no date (given to the President by Gen Marshall, 14 Jul 41 ), WPD 4493-44, sec. 2.

71 Memo, WPD for CofS, sub: Force for INDIGO, 18 Jul 41, AG 320.2 (6-9-41) Troop Movements, Iceland; Memo, WPD to TAG, 25 Jul 41, OFD-GHQ INDIGO "A."; Handwritten Memo, probably by Lt Col James R. Townsend, WPD, 4 Aug 41, paraphrasing Ltr from JB to SW; JB 325, ser 6,97-2, 23 Jul, OFD-GHQ INDIGO "A."

72 Gerow Diary, entry of 2 Aug 41.

73 Memo (unused), WPD for CON, 2 Aug 41, sub: INDIGO Relief Forces, WPD 4493-80, sec. 3.

74 Conf Min, 15 Jul 41, OCS file, Emergency Measures, 1939-40, binder 1; Gerow Diary, entry of 1 Aug 41; GHQ Diary, 2 Aug 41, AGF file 314.81, 6-23-41 to 3-4-42, drawer 602

75 Prime Minister to Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Gen Ismay, 19 Aug 41, quoted in Churchill, The Grand Alliance, p. 810.

76 Memo, Comdr Forrest P. Sherman, USN, for CNO, 18 Aug 41, sub: Notes on Staff Confs, 11-12 Aug 41, in Capt T. B. Kittredge, USNR, MS, U.S.-British Naval Cooperation, 1939-1945, ch. 19, app. B, p. 400. See also, Memo, Lt Col Charles W. Bundy for COPS, 20 Aug 41, sub: Notes on Staff Confs, 11-12 Aug 41, WPD 4402-62.

77 Msg, Gen Marshall to Col Wad, 12 Aug 41, given in unsigned note, 13 Aug 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "B"; Gerow Diary, entry of 12 Aug 41.

78 Gerow Diary, entry of 13 Aug 41; Jt Army and Navy Directive . . . INDIGO---3, 16 Aug 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "B"; Memo, WPD for TAG, 18 Aug 41, WPD 4493-99, sec. 3; GHQ Diary, AGF file 314.81, 6-23-41 to 3-4-42.

79 See above, pp. 395-96.

80 Memo, Lt Col Ernest N. Harmon, G-4 GHQ, for Gen Malony, 22 Jul 41; Memo, Lt Gen Lesley J. McNair, CofS GHQ, for COB, 25 Jul 41. Both in AGF 320.2, Strength of the Army, binder 1.

81 See above, pp. 395-96; Memo (probably written in WPD) for CofS, GHQ, n.d., sub: Functions and Authority of GHQ; Memo, CofS GHQ for DCofS GHQ, 11 Aug 41, commenting on preceding Memo, AG 320.2 GHQ; WPD Memos for CofS, 11 Aug and 30 Aug 41,WPD 4558.

82 Ltr, Gen Chaney to Gen Malony, DCofS GHQ 28 Aug 41, WPD 4493-126, sec. 4.

83 Memo, Gen Maiony for ACofS WPD, 31 Jul 41; Memo (unused) WPD for CofS, Aug 41, sub: War Department Orders Concerning War Plans Turned Over to GHQ for Operations, WPD 4493-77, sec. 3; WPD D/F to GHQ, 3 Sep 41, sub: Operations Plan, IBC, WPD 4493-86, sec. 3.

84 Ltr, AG GHQ, to Gen Homer, 15 Aug 41, sub: Assumption of Command, Second Echelon, Task Force 4, GHQ 320.2 INDIGO, binder 3; Memo, WPD for CofS, 14 Aug 41, sub: Comd of INDIGO Force, WPD 4493-95, sec. 3.

85 GHQ Diary, AGF file 314.81, 6-23-41 to 3-4-42. The official letter orders designating General Bonesteel commander of the force were sent on 20 August, effective that date (GHQ 372.1 INDIGO).

86 Jt Action of the Army and the Navy, 1935 (Rev), ch. II; Memo, CofS for CNO, 5 Sep 41, WPD 4493-107, sec. 4.

87 JAG Memo for WPD, 29 Aug 41, sub: Exercise of Commd and Disciplinary Powers . . . , WPD 4493-95a sec 3 ; Informal Ltr, CofS to CNO, 9 Sep 47, GHQ--OPD INDIGO "B."

88 For the marines' own account of their duty in Iceland, including the command issue, see Frank O. Hough, Verle E. Ludwig, and Henry I. Shaw, Jr., "History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II," Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, (Washington, 1958), vol. I, ch. 4. It should be noted that in subsequent operations during World War II the marines were not attached to the Army for duty. After Iceland, unity of command was employed with highly successful results using the principle of operational, but not administrative control.

89 Directive, Presidenf to SW and SN, 22 Sep 41.; JAG Memo for WPD, 29 Aug 41, sub: Attachment of Troops of USMC . . . to Army; Ltr, CNO to CofS, 13 Sep 41; Ltr, CofS to CNO, 15 Sep 41. All in WPD 4493-95, sec. 3.

90 Itr, Kuniholm to Acting Chief of Militaxy History, 21 APr 59, OCMH files.

91 Ltr, Col Iry, Rpt on Trip to Iceland, to CofEngrs (draft copy dated 23 Jul 41), GHQ 2860-Corresp, binder 47.

92 MeMo, President for SW and SN, 28 Aug 41, OPD-GHQ INDIGO "B."


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