Endnotes for Chapter XVII
1 Msg, Prime Minister to President, 18 Nov 42, . 195, circulated
as JCS 153, 18 Nov 42, title: Plans and Opns in Mediterranean, Middle
East, and Near East.
2 Ibid. copy of the President's message has been found in War Department
files.
3 See CCS 124, 19 Nov 42, title cited n. 1, and CPS 49/D, 19 Nov 42,
title: Plng and Opns Subsequent to TORCH. For the ensuing reports and debates, see especially: (1) min, 39th
mtg CPS, 20 Nov 42; (2) CPS 49/1, 27 Nov 42, title cited above; (3)
informal
memo, A. C. W. [Wedemeyer] for Handy [about 1 Dec 42], no sub, and (4)
memo, Embick for Marshall, 1 Dec 42, sub: Minority Rpt on Future Action
in Mediterranean, both with CPS 49/1 in ABC 381 (11-17-42) : (5) min,
41st mtg CPS, 4 Dec 42: and (6) CPS 49/2, 5 Dec 42, same title as CPS
49/D, above.
4 Min, mtg at White House, 1430, 10 Dec 42, Tab 42, Item 2, Exec 5.
Present at this conference with the President were Generals Marshall,
Arnold, and Deane, Admirals Leahy and Edwards, and Mr. Hopkins.
5 Shortly before the White House meeting, the President and the Prime
Minister on the one hand, and Stalin on the other, had exchanged views
on the. role of Turkey. Agreeing on the desirability of having Turkey
enter the war on the Allied side in the spring of 1943, the Soviet
leader expressed his willingness for staff conversations to be held in
Moscow. (See msg, Prime Minister to President, 2 Dec 42, No. 216, Item
4, Exec 5.)
6 (1) Memo, Col Roberts and Col John C. Blizzard, Jr., S&P OPD,
for Gen Wedemeyer [latter part of Nov 421, sub: Outlines of Strategy.
(2) Memo, Roberts for Wedemeyer [latter part of Nov 421, sub: Strategy.
Both in Item 10a, Exec I. (3) Memo, Chief, S&P OPD for ACofS OPD, 16
Nov 42, sub: Consideration of Offensive Opns in Mediterranean Subsequent
to Sp Opn, ABC 381 (7-25-42), 4-B, 80. (4) Study [evidently by OPD], 25
Nov 42, title: Strategic Lines of .Action in European Theater, Book 7,
Exec 8. (5) Weekly Strategic Sums of Policy Com, OPD, 28 Nov 42 and 5
Dec 42, Tab Policy Com, 17th and 18th mtgs, ABC 334.3 Policy Com (1 Aug 42), 3.
7 JCS 152, 16 Nov 42, title: Strategic Policy for 1943. Arnold called
for the assignment of 2,225 operational U. S. aircraft to United
Kingdom bases by 1 January 1944. For a detailed discussion of AAF strategic views from September to
December 1942, see Craven and Cate, AAF II, especially pp. 277-88.
8 See OPD brief, Notes on . . . JCS 42d mtg, 17 Nov 42, with JCS 152
in ABC 381 (9-25-41), 3.
9 (1) Memo, OPD for CofS, 8 Nov 42, sub: Amer-Br Strategy, WDCSA 381,
1 (SS). (2) Memos cited n. 6(l) and 6(2). For an example of Eisenhower's recommendations, see ltr, Eisenhower,
AFHQ, to Handy, 22 Nov 42, Item 2, Exec 5. For a statement of these Air Forces views, see informal air memo in
Incl C, CPS 49/2, 5 Dec 42. For earlier AAF views on complementary air
operations from United Kingdom, North Africa, and Middle East, see Ch.
XIV, above.
10 Weekly Strategic Resume of Policy Com, OPD, 26 Dec 42, Tab Policy
Com, 21st mtg, ABC 334.3 Policy Com (1 Aug 42), 3.
11 Ibid.
12 See (1) ltr, Mountbatten, Combined Opns Hq, England, to Marshall
and OPD, 17 Dec 42, Tab 32, and (2) paper, n.d., title: Sum of
Combined Rpt on Dieppe Raid, Tab 4 7, both in Book 7, Exec 8: (3)
paper [evidently written near the end of 1941, title: Is a Second
Front Possible, Item 10a, Exec 1 : and (4) OPD cover sheet, 2 Jan 43,
sub: The Dieppe Raid (CB 94244). OPD 381 ETO,53.
13 The pros and cons of possible operations in the European
Mediterranean area for 1942 are summarized in the series of outline
strategic plans and studies assembled by OPD. (See Symbol.: Casablanca
Books (Dec 42 43), Vol I-Strategy and Plans, Handy's copy, Exec 6.)
while these papers bear no dates, the were drawn tip in the Operations
Division at the close of December 1942 and the beginning of January
1943. Similar, but not identical versions of some of the plans are
contained
in Item 14, Exec 1. (For a detailed discussion, see Strategic Plans
Unit Study 3, OCMH Files.)
14 For this phase of the war in the Southwest Pacific, known as
the Papua Campaign, see Samuel Milner, Victory in Papua, a volume in
preparation for the series UNITED STATES ARMY I WORLD WAR II.
15 For an exchange of views on limited Task Two, see: (1) memo,
CofS for C, 14 Aug 42, sub: Early Initiation of Limited Task Two, OPD
381 PTO, 84: and (2) memo, CNO for CofS, 20 Aug 42, wine sub, OPD 370.5
PTO, 9. For the discussion of Tasks One, Two, and Three, in June-July 1942,
see Ch XI. Task One had been launched with the landings in Guadalcanal
in 1942.
16 Memo, CofS for CNO, 1 Dec 42, sub: Proposed Jt Directive for
Offensive Opns in SWPA. For earlier drafts of this memo, see OPD draft
memo [CofS for CNO], 28 Nov 42, saint, sub, and OPD draft memo [CofS for
CNO], 30 Nov 42, same sub. All in OPD 381 SWPA, 83.
17 For Army views, see especially: (1) memo, CofS for CNO, 2 Dec 42,
sub: Strategic Direction of Opns in SW Pacific, (2) draft memo, CofS for
CNO, n.d, no sub, and (3) memo, CofS for CNO, 21 Dec 42, sub cited
above, all three in Item 67b, Exec 10: (4) memo, Gen Handy for Capt
Connolly, USN, 29 Dec 42, no sub and (5) memo, CofS for CNO, 8 Jan 43, sub
cited in (1), both in OPD 384 PTO, 43 (the 8 Jan 43 memo had been
drafted in OPD and revised: an OPD draft showing slight revision by
Marshall is filed in Item 67b, Exec 10).
18 For the brief summary of the Navy's position, see especially: (1) memo,
V. D. Long for Marshall, et al., 15 Dec 42, sub: Future Opns in Solomons Sea Area, incl ltr, CINCPAC to COMINCH, 8 Dec 42, saint sub: (2) Navy
draft memo, CNO for CofS f23 Dec 42], sub cited n. 17(1) and (3) ltr,
King to Marshall, 6 Jan 43. All in Item 67b, Exec 10
19 (1) Memo cited n. 17 (4) . (2) Cf. above, pp. 258-65, for the
exchange of views on the same subject in June.
20 For further treatment of Army-Navy views on command and strategy in
the South and Southwest Pacific, see John Miller, jr., CARTWHEEL: The
Reduction
of Rabaul, a volume in preparation for the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN
WORLD WAR II.
21 For the WD exchange with MacArthur, see: (1) msg (originator OPD),
Marshall to MacArthur, 7 Jan 43, CM-OUT 2273; (2) msg (originator OPD), same to same, 8 Jan 43, CM-OUT 2833 ; (3)
msg, MacArthur to
Marshall, 10 Jan 43, CM-IN 4574; and (4) msg, Marshall to MacArthur,
11 Jan 43, CM-OUT 3664. For a discussion of MacArthur's plans for the Southwest Pacific, see
Miller, Reduction of Rabaul.
22 Outline Strategic Plan, title: Allied Offensive to Seize and Occupy Rabaul Area, Tab F-9, Symbol: Casablanca Books, Vol I, Exec 6.
23 For correspondence on the exchange of the divisions, see
especially: (1) memo, Handy for Cooke, 28 Nov 42, sub: Change of
Destination of 25th Div, and (21 memo, Silverthorne for Handy, 28 Nov
42, sub: Contact with Navy Ref First Marine Div25th Div Exch, with
atchd Navy draft of proposed it dispatch, both in OPD 370.5 PTO, 45: (3)
msg, Marshall to MacArthur, 30 Nov 42, CM-OUT 9526: (4) msg, Marshall to
Emmons, 30 Nov 42, CM-OUT 9556: (5) memo for red, 30 Nov 42, OPD 370.5
PTO, 45: and (6) msg, Marshall to Harmon, 1 Dec 42, CM-OUT 0181.
24 See Miller, Guadalcanal, pp. 212-13, 217-18.
25 Copy of Navy msg, 22 Nov 42, CINCPAC to COMINCH, OPD 381 ADC, 47.
26 (1) Memo, For COfS, 15 Dec 42, sub: Directive to Occupy Amchitka in
Order Subsequently to Expel Japanese from Kiska and All of Aleutians.
(2) OPD metro for red, HAB [Col Henry A. Barber, Jr.], 16 Dec. 42, same
sub. (3) Memo. CofS for C, 16 Dec 42, same sub, with incl redrafted
directive. All in OPD 381 ADC:, 50. The OPD copy of metro to Chas the
notation, "Signed Dec 16, 1942, and dispatched by Col. Young,
OCS." On a copy of the directive in WDCSA Alaska (SS) is the
notation, "Ok'd by Navy and dispatched Dec. 18, 1942."
27 (1) Original OPD draft of ltr, Marshall to DeWitt. (2) Ltr, same to
same, 17 Dec 42. Both in OPD 381 ADC., 44. (3) D/F, OPD for TAG, 17 Dec
42, sub: Reduction of Kiska, OPD 381 ADC, 48.
28 Msg (originator OPD), Marshall to DeWitt, 20 Dec 42, CM-OUT 7134.
29 Outline Strategic Plan, title: Occupation of Kiska Island, Tab
F-10,
SYMBOL: Casablanca Books, Vol I, Exec 6.
30 Ibid.
31 The northern route runs roughly via Alaska, the Aleutians, and
the Kamchatka Peninsula into the Kuril Islands and the maritime
provinces of the Soviet Union.
32 Memo, King for JCS, 21 Sep 42, sub: Campaign Against Japan via
the Northern Route, ABC 381 Japan (5-31-42), 1.
33 JPS 67/1, 30 Nov 42, title: Campaign Against Japan via the
Northern Route. Army representatives on this special subcommittee
included Cols James K. Tully and William H. Wood, and Lt. Col. Paul W.
Caraway, all of OPD, and Col Dabney O. Elliott of the Strategic
Logistics Division, SOS.
34 Min, 49th rntg JCS, 5 Jan 43. For background, see: (1) OPD brief, Notes on . . . JPS 48th nit g, 2
Dee 42, with JPS 67/1 in ABC 381 Japan (5-31-42), 1; (2)min, 52d mtg
JPS, 30 Dec 42; and (3) JCS 182, 1 Jan 43, title cited n. 33.
35 For detailed discussion of Soviet-American negotiations for
the surrey of eastern Siberia, see Ch. XV, above.
36 Memo, Tully for ACofS OPD, 27 Feb 43, sub: Rpt of WD Obsrs on
Landing of Task Force on Amchitka Island, OPD 381 ADC, 61.
37 Japanese troops in China during 1942 were there mainly for
occupation and training. See Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission
to China, Ch.
38 Memo by JCS circulated as CCS 135, 26 Dec 42, title: Bsc
Strategic Concept for 1943. For an example of CPS agreement on importance of reopening the Burma
Road and recapturing Burma, see rain, 31st mtg CPS, 4 Sep 42. For a general statement of the British position on Burma, shortly
before Casablanca, see CCS 135/2, 3 Jan 43, title: Amer-Br Strategy
in 1943
39 See especially: (1) min, 30th mtg JCS, 25 Aug 42: (2) CCS
104,25 Aug 42, title: Retaking of Burma: ( 3) CCS 104/ 1, 29 Aug 42,
same title: (4) CCS 104/2, 9 Sep 42, title: Plan for Recapture of
Burma: (5) paper, 12 Jun 42, title: Appreciation of Problem of
Reopening Burma Road in Autumn of 1942, prepared by Br Plng Stf, Tab C,
ABC 384 Burma (8-25-42), 1-B: (6) memo, CofS for President, 10 Sep
42, sub: Br Plans Relative to Offensive in Burma, incl to rnemo,
handy for CofS, 10 Sep 42, same sub, Tab C, ABC 384 Burma (8-25- 42),
1-A: and (7) Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, Ch.
VII, which discusses proposals and plans fully.
40 (1) C.C.S 104/2, 9 Sep 42 (report by CPS to CCS).(2 ) CCS
104/3, 30 Oct 42, title: Plan for Retaking Burma.
41 Min, 47th rntg CCS, 6 Nov 42.
42 (1) JCS 162, 7 Dec 42, title: Opn in Burma Mar 4 3. This is a
memorandum by the Chief of Staff. (2 ) Min, 45th mtg JCS, 8 Dec 42.
43 Min cited n. 42(2).
44 OPD brief, Plan for Retaking Burma, Tab D Asiatic Theater, Symbol.: Casablanca Books, Vol II, Exec 6.
45 (1) Memo, CofS for Hopkins, 9 Dec 42, sub: Comd in CTO, OPD 381 CTO (12-5-42) .( 2) OPD paper, 6 Jan 43, title: Existing
Sit, Tab F Asiatic Theater, SYMBOL: Casablanca Books, Voll., Exec 6.
See Romanus and Sunderland. Stilwell's Mission to China, Ch. VII.
46 Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 4 Nov 42, CM-IN 1965 (11-5-42 )
. This reports a conference between Stilwell and Chiang Kai-shek.
47 Memo, Col Roberts for Gen Wedemeyer, 12 Dec 42, no sub, with CPS
43/4 in ABC 384 Burma (8-25-42), 1-A.
48 See msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 28 Dec 42, CM-IN 12657,
transmitting msg, Chiang to President, Item 22, Exec 10.
49 OPD paper cited n. 45(2)
50 Memo, Marshall for Handy, 5 Jan 43, no sub, Item 22, Exec 10.
51 Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 28 Dec 42, CM-IN 12796 (12/30/42).
52 Msg, Stilwell to Marshall, 9 Jan 43, CM-IN 3980, transmitting msg,
Chiang to President, Item 22, Exec 10.
53 OPD paper cited n. 45 (2) .
54 For the strategic outline plans against Burma drawn tip by WD
planners at the turn of the year for the Army representatives to
Casablanca, see: (1) Retaking Burma-Part I : Limited Offensives Prior to
Next Monsoon, Tab F-8-I, and (2) Retaking Burma-Part II: Recapture of
all Burma, Dry Season, 1943-44, Tab F-8-II, both in SYMBOL: Casablanca
Books, Vol I, Exec 6.
55 For the President's suggestion in December 1942 of a separate
air force of 100 planes for Chennault in China, and Marshall's
objections, see: (1) memo, Leahy for Marshall, 30 Dec 42, no sub, and
(2) memo, CofS for Leahy, 4 Jan 43, sub: Chennault, both in Item 64,
Exec 10.
56 These proposals of the JCS were contained in JCS 167/2, 23 Dec
42, title: Bsc Strategic Concept for 1943, circulated as CCS 135 on 26
Dec 42 for consideration of CCS. (This JCS paper followed largely the
line of thought developed in Joint Strategic Survey Committee (JSSC)
studies.) See: (1) JSSC 1, 11 Dec 42, title cited above; (2) JCS 167,
11 Dec 42, same title; and (3) JCS 167/1, 20 Dec 42, same title.
57 CCS 135/1, 2 Jan 43, title: Bsc Strategic Concept for 1943-The
European Theater. This was a memorandum by the British Chiefs of Staff
commenting on CCS 135, 26 December 1942.
58 CCS 135/2, 3 Jan 43, title: Amer-Br Strategy in 1943. This paper
contains a memorandum by the British Chiefs of Staff.
59 (1) Min, 41st mtg CPS, 4 Dec 42. (2) Min, 42d mtg CPS, 17 Dec
42. (3) CCS 124/1, 30 Dec 42, title: Plans and Opns in Mediterranean,
Middle East and Near East.
60 Min, 49th mtg JCS, 5 Jan 43.
61 JPS 106, 7 Jan 43, title cited n. 56. This report was made by
the JUSSC. Col. William W. Bessell, Jr., and Lt. Col. De Vere P.
Armstrong of the General Staff, among others, were ad hoc members. The
JPS estimated that 20 percent attrition of shipping might be expected
in the early stages of a Sardinian operation. (1) JCS 167/3, 5 Jan 43, title cited n. 57. This paper contains a
memorandum of JSSC. (2) JCS 167/5, 10 Jan 43, title: Bsc Strategy for
1943. In this paper the JSSC advised that the "turning point of the
war in Europe was at hand," and that the JCS urge the British to
forego "indirect or eccentric concepts and strike hard and straight
at Germany."
62 Min, nag at White House, 7 Jan 43, Item 45, Exec 10. Present at the
meeting were the President, Admirals Leahy and King, and Generals
Marshall,
Arnold, and Deane.
63 The President's announcement at the meeting of 7 January 1943 is the
earliest indication found in War Department files of the President's use
of the term "unconditional surrender." (For a discussion on the early use of the term, see Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 693-97, 972-73.)
64 Pers ltr, Wedemeyer to Handy, 22 Jan 43, Paper 5, Item la, Exec 3.
65 Various aspects of the Casablanca Conference have been treated in
published accounts. Sec: (1) Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 667
97: (2) Churchill, Hinge of Fate, pp. 674-94: (3) Arnold, Global
Mission, pp. 388-400: (4) Leahy, I Was There, pp. 142- 45; (5)
Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, pp. 135-38: (6) Cline, Washington Command
Post, pp. 215 19: and (7) John Miller, jr., "The Casablanca
Conference and Pacific Strategy," Military Affairs, XIII (Winter,
1949), 209-15.
66 The development of War Department views and plans will be further
treated in the volume, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-
44, now being prepared for the series by Maurice Matloff, co-author of
this volume.
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