Endnotes for Chapter XVII

1 Except for documents quoted for illustrative purposes, the materials on which the following summary of early Pacific and Far Eastern strategy is based are not cited. The summary is designed as a simple introduction to the case history of 1945 staff action. A detailed account of the development of Pacific strategy will be presented in subsequent volumes of this series.

2 Min 58th meeting CCS, 16 Jan 43.

3 Memo, Brig Gen Hull for Maj Gen Handy, 17 Jul 43, no sub, with Tab SS 111 in ABC 381 Strategy Sec Papers (7 Jan 43).

4 (1) CCS 417/2, 23 Dec 43, title: Over-All Plan for Defeat of Japan. (2) Min 137th meeting CCS, SEXTANT, 6 Dec 43.

5 Memo, Maj Gen Handy for Gen Marshall, 3 Dec 43, no sub, Paper 21, Item 15, Exec 5.

6 (1) CCS 319/2, 21 Aug 43, title: Progress Rpt to President and Prime Minister. (2) Memo, JPS for JCS, 17 Aug 43, sub: Appreciation and Plan for Defeat of Japan (CPS 83), with CPS 83 in ABC 381 Japan (27 Aug 42),3. (3) CPS 83, 8 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan. . . .

7 (1) CCS 168, 22.Ian 43, title: Conduct of War in Pacific Theater in 1943. (2) Min 67th meeting CCS, 22 Jan 43.

8 The late 1943 estimate—for planning purposes, not a prediction—was that Germany would be defeated by 1 October 1944. See CPS 86/D, 26 Aug 43, title: Preparation of Studies on Defeat of Japan.

9 JCS 713/4, 12 Mar 44, title: Future Opns in Pacific.

10 JCS 751, 8 Mar 44, title: Bsc Decisions which Will Give Strategic Guidance for Conduct of War in Pacific.

11 (1) JPS 418/1, 23 Mar 44, title: Bsc Decisions . . . . (2) JCS 75113, 4 Apr 44, title: Bse Decisions . . . . (3) JPS 418/2/D, 11 Apr 44, title: Strategic Plan for War in Asia.

12 SS 282, 24 Apr 44, title: Opns in Pacific, ABC 381 Strategy Sec Papers (7 Jan 43).

13 AAF brief, Lt Col F. S. Wildman [Chief, Strategy Sec of Combined & Joint Stf Div of Air Planner's Stf] for Air planner, 17 May 44, sub: Opns in Pacific/SS 282, with SS 282 in ABC 381 Strategy Sec Papers (7 Jan 43).

14 Memo, Col J. J. Billo [Chief Strategy Sec] for Chief S&P, 6 May 44, sub: Opns in Pacific with SS 282 in ABC 381 Strategy Sec Papers (7 Jan 43).

15 JPS 476, 6 Jun 44, sub: Opns Against Japan, Subsequent to Formosa.

16 Min 157th meetings JPS, 28 Jun 44.

17 (1) JCS 924, 30 Jun 44, title: Opns Against Japan. . . . (2) Min 157th meeting JPS, 28 Jun 44.

18 CCS 417/3, 11 Jul 44, title: Over-All Objective in War Against Japan. The JCS acted informally to approve the recommendations of JCS 924, JCS unnumbered paper, 11 Jul 44, title: Decision Amending JCS 924, with JCS 924 in ABC 384 Pacific (1-17-43), 4.

19 Min 167th meeting CCS, 14 Ju1 44.

20 (1) CCS 417/4, 29 Jul 44. (2) CCS 417/5, 4 Aug 44.

21 (1) CCS 417/8, 9 Sep 44, title: Opn for Defeat of Japan. (2) CCS 417/9, OCTAGON, 11 Sep 44, title: Over-All Objective in War Against Japan. (3) Min 173d meeting CCS, 13 Sep 44.

22 Study, Col J. J. Billo, submitted with memo, OPD for USW, 28 Sep 44, sub: Info on Broad Strategy to be Used Against Japan, with CCS 417/8 in ABC 381 Japan (8-27-42), 7.

23 Tab 5, Tab B, S&P Book, n.d., title: Papers for Discussion at ARGONAUT, ABC 337 (11 Jan 45), 1-B.

24 Min l84th meeting CCS, ARGONAUT, 1 Feb 45.

25 CCS 776/3, 9 Feb 45, title: Rpt to President and Prime Minister. The amalgamated study on the war against Japan was CCS 417/11, ARGONAUT, 22 Jan 45, title: Opns for Defeat of Japan.

26 Min 2d plenary meeting, ARGONAUT, 9 Feb 45, Official ARGONAUT Conference Book.

27 Memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for Col Roberts, 7 Feb 45, no sub, with JWPC Memo for Info 35 in ABC 384 Pacific (1-17-43),7.

28 OPD notes for 190th meeting JPS, 21 Feb 45, filed with JCS 924/11 in ABC 381 Japan (8-2742),7.

29 Msg, Gen Marshall for Gen MacArthur, 23 Mar 45, CM-OUT 57902. OPD drafted the message.

30 Memo, Brig Gen Bessell and Brig Gen F. F. Everest for Army and Air planners, 16 Mar 45, sub: Reorgn and Future Opns in Pacific Theater, OPD 384 TS, 1/9.

31( 1) Memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for Maj Gen Hull, 26 Mar 45, no sub. (2) Msg, Gen Marshall for Gen MacArthur, 4 Apr 45, OPD 384 TS, 1/12, CM-OUT 63196.

32 JWPC 325/M, 8 Mar 45, title: Jt Bmr Offensive Against Japan.

33 (1) JIS 141/M,6Apr45,title: Defeat of Japan by Blockade and Bomb. (2) JIS 143/M, 7 Apr 45, title: Unconditional SUIT of Japan.

34 Memo, Col Wood for Chief S&P, 11 Feb 45, sub: Collapse of Japanese Govt on or About V-E Day, filed with JWPC 264/D in ABC 384.1 Japan (22 Aug 44).

35 OPD Memo for Asst Secy WDGS, 4 Mar 45, sub: Unconditional Surr of Japan (JCS 1275/1), filed with JCS 1275/1 in ABC 387 Japan (15 Feb 45), 1-A.

36 JIC 266/1, 18 Apr 45, title: Defeat of Japan by Blockade and Bomb.

37 Memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for Strategy and Army Secs, JWPC, 28 Apr 45, no sub, filed with JIC 268/1 in ABC 387 Japan (15 Feb 45), 1-A.

38 JCS 1331/3, 25 May 45, title: Directive for Opn "OLYMPIC," Kyushu (4 Jul 44) dispatched as msg, JCS for Gen MacArthur, Gen Arnold and Admiral Nimitz, 25 May 45, CM-OUT 87938 (TS).

39 JWPC 263/4, 5 May 45, title: An Outline Plan for Invasion of Kanto (Tokyo) Plain.

40 (1) JWPC 264/1, 16 May 45, title: Strategic Positions Selected for Occupation Upon Japanese Withdrawal, Collapse, or Surr. (2) JWPC 264/2, 16 May 45, title: Forces Required for Occupation of Strategic Positions in Japan Proper. (3) Memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for JPS, 28 May 45, no sub, and atchd note, Brig Gen Lincoln for Col T. D. Roberts, n.d., no sub, JWPC 264/2 in ABC 384.1 Japan (22 Aug 44).

41 (1) Msg, JCS for Gen MacArthur, Gen Arnold, and Admiral Nimitz, 14 Jun 45, CM-OUT 17064. (2) JCS 1331/4, 8 Jun 45, title: Occupation of Strategic Areas in Japan Proper in Event of Collapse or Surr.

42 S&P study, Brig Gen Lincoln, 4 Jun 45, no sub, incl to OPD draft memo, CofS for SW, n.d., no sub, OPD 336 TS, 119.

43 (1) S&P study, Brig Gen Lincoln, n.d., no sub, incl to OPD draft memo, CofS for SW, 15 Jun 45, no sub, OPD 387.4 TS, 17. (2) Memo, OPD for CofS [17 Jun 45],sub: Amplifying Comments on Planners' Paper for Presentation to President, OPD 381 TS, 135/27.

44 Ltr, SW to President, 2 Jul 45, no sub, filed with JCS 1340/2 in ABC 387 Japan (15 Feb 45), 1-B. For reports on the various conferences and several draft papers, see draft memo, SW for President, 27 Jun 45, sub: Proposed Program for Japan, ABC 336 Russia (22 Aug 43), 3. See also the following papers, filed with JCS 1340/2 in ABC 387 Japan (15 Feb 45), 1-B: (1) memo, Col Bonesteel for Brig Gen Lincoln, 27 Jun 45, sub: Immediate Demand for Japanese Surr; (2) memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for Lt Gen Hull, 28 Jun 45, no sub; (3) memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for Lt Gen Hull, 29 Jun 45, sub: Demand for Japanese Surr; (4) memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for Lt Gen Hull, 29 Jun 45, no sub; (5) memo, Brig Gen Lincoln for Lt Gen Hull, 30 Jun 45, sub: Demand for Japanese Surr.

45 Memo, OPD for Lt Gen Hull [in Potsdam], 14 Jul 45, sub: JSSC Comments on Proclamation Regarding Unconditional Surr of Japan, OPD 387.4 TS (14 Ju1 45), 10/7.

46 OPD Book, title: Compilation of Subs for Possible Discussion at TERMINAL, Tabs 39 and 62, Item 21, Exec 5.

47 CCS 900/3, TERMINAL, 24 Jul 45, title: Rpt to President and Prime Minister.

48 (1) OPD memo for rcd, 28 Jun 45, no sub, with JPS 708 in ABC 387 Japan (15 Feb 45), 2. (2) JPS 708, 25 Jun 45, title: Planning Date for End of War Against Japan. (3) CCS 880/8, 7 Jul 45, title: Planning Date for End of Organized Resistance by Japan. (4) CCS 900/3, TERMINAL, 24 Jul 45, title: Rpt to President and Prime Minister.

49 The text of the Potsdam declaration in the names of the heads of government of the United States, China, and Great Britain, is reprinted as App. 1, Activities of the Far Eastern Commission (Washington, D. C., 1947).

50 CCS 894, TERMINAL, 16 Jul 45, title: Rpt on Army Air Opns in War Against Japan.

51 Memo, G-2 for ACofS OPD, 30 Jun 45, sub: Estimate of Enemy Situation, filed in ABC 384 Pacific-Far East (26 July 1943). The memo incloses an estimate in response to an OPD request of 25 Jun 1945. Attached is memo, Lt Gen Hull for Brig Gen John Weckerling of G-2, 4 Jul 45, saying, "This is a very fine estimate."

52 Memo, Maj Gen L. R. Groves for ACofS OPD, 5 Apr 45, no sub, OPD 311.5 TS, 1, 24.

53 Draft ltr, Gen Handy to Maj Gen L. R. Groves, n.d., sub: Waiver of Provisions of Secret Ltr, AGO, 6 Aug 45, Item 11, Exec 2.

54 Msg, JCS to CINCAFPAC, CG AAF, 3 Jul 45, draft filed Item 11, Exec 2.

55 In performing their assigned duties under the Chief of Staff and the Secretary of War, both of whom had a part in national policy making related to the atomic energy project, the three chief officers of OPD inevitably gained some knowledge of the MANHATTAN DISTRICT work. These officers were General Hull, Assistant Chief of Staff, OPD, General Craig, deputy chief of the Division, and General Lincoln, Army planner on joint and combined planning staffs. No other OPD officer knew anything about the atomic bomb. A brigadier general then in OPD told the author that, after some extracurricular scientific reflection in the early spring of 1945 he conceived the idea that the release of atomic energy for military purposes might be practical. He said he innocently aired the suggestion in the War Department that the Japanese might be working on such a weapon and wondered if the United States should not be doing something about it. He was considerably surprised at the intensive security check to which he was suddenly subjected. The fact that OPD officers in general had no idea of what was in the immediate future is indicated by their consternation when a project for construction of an artificial harbor for use in the March 1946 attack on Japan was approved with "priority above all military and naval programs except MANHATTAN project." See msg, JCS (from TERMINAL) for AGWAR (info to MacArthur and Nimitz) 20 Jul 45, CM-IN 20314. OPD officers told the author that they could not guess nor discover what the mysterious MANHATTAN was and doubted that it could be more important than the harbor for 1946. One S&P officer said he received oral orders from General Hull to quit trying to find out anything about MANHATTAN.

56 JWPC 390/D, 20 Jul 45, title: Planning for Initial Japanese Occupation Period. The JWPC study was in response to suggestions from Potsdam.

57 Memo, CofS for President, 25 Jul 45, inclosing OPD study, "Japanese Capitulation," OPD 370.9 TS, 17/8.

58 Draft msg, JCS for Gen MacArthur, 21 Ju1 45, Item 11, Exec 2. Russian entry was then anticipated on 15 August 1945.

59 Msg, Lt Gen Hull at TERMINAL for Maj Gen Craig, 25 Jul 45, CM-IN 25078.

60 Msg, Maj Gen Craig for Lt Gen Hull at TERMINAL, 25 Jul 45, CM-OUT 38262.

61 JCS 1331/6, 30 Jul 45, title: Occupation of Strategic Areas in Japan Proper in Event of Collapse or Surr.

62 Memo, Col T. D. Roberts for Maj Gen Craig, 31 Jul 45, Gen Lincoln file, S&P Exec Office rcds.

63 Memo, OPD for Gen Handy, 30 Jul 45, sub: Planning for Early Surr of Japan, OPD 370.9 TS, 17. Symbolic of the confusion during the last two weeks of the war is the filing of various copies of this important memorandum. Parts of it are filed under several different files, and the original paper carries a somewhat misleading memorandum for record, saying "it has now been overtaken by events." Actually, it supplied the chief immediate frame of reference for dealing with the events that had overtaken all planning.

64 Memo, Maj Gen Craig for Gen Handy, 3 Aug 45, Item 11, Exec 2. For draft of 31 July 1945, see OPD 370.9 TS, 17/3.

65 Msg, Gen Marshall for Army comds, 10 Aug 45, CM-OUT 47214.

66 Msg, Gen Marshall for Army comds, 14 Aug 45, MC-OUT 49583. The MC designation meant that the message was not classified.

67 Memo, Col Bonesteel for Brig Gen Lincoln, 9 Aug 45, no sub, filed with SWNCC 149/1 in ABC 387 Japan (15 Feb 45), 1-B.

68 (1) JCS 1467, 13 Aug 45, title: Instruments for Surr of Japan. (2) Memo, OPD for Lt Gen R. K. Sutherland, 13 Aug 45, no sub, Item 11, Exec 2.

69 (1) JCS 1467/2, 17 Aug 45, title: Instruments for Surr of Japan, General Order No. 1. (2) Msg, JCS for Gen MacArthur, 15 Aug 45, CM-OUT 49961.

70 Msg, OPD for USAFPAC, 25 Aug 45, CM-OUT 55055.

71( 1) JPS 722/D, 3 Aug 45, title: BLACKLIST Plan. (2) JWPC 264/7/D, 4 Aug 45, title: Over-All Exam of Planning for Occupation of Japan.

72 JWPC 390/1, 30 Jul 45, title: Planning for Initial Japanese Occupation Period.

73 OPD note, Col T. D. Roberts, 3 Aug 45, sub: JWPC 390/1, filed with JWPC 390/1 in ABC 014 Japan (13 Apr 44), 18-A.

74 (1) JPS 722/D, 3 Aug 45, title: BLACKLIST Plan. (2) JWPC 264/7/D, 4 Aug 45, title: OverAll Exam of Planning for Occupation of Japan. (3) JCS 1331/6, 30 Jul 45, title: Occupation of Strategic Areas in Japan Proper in Event of Collapse or Surr.

75 (1) Msg, JCS for Gen MacArthur, 11 Aug 45, CM-OUT 47945. (2) Msg, Gen MacArthur for subordinate comds, 15 Aug 45, CM-IN 14771.


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