Endnotes for Chapter I
1 (1) Magazine of History, Vol. XXV, pp. 33-34 (July 1917). (2) Ltr, TAG to Editor, Rural New Yorker, May 12, 1915. WD Rec AGO, Enl Br 7275-C, with 3132-C-1884, 2285035 National Archives. (See Bibliographical Note.) (3) Francis Henry Gribble, Women in War (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd., 1916).
2 (1) Sir John William Fortescue, History of the British Army (London and New York: Macmillan and Co., 1890-1930), Vol. 1. (2) Rapid City. S. D., Daily Journal, October 21, 1944.
3 Ltr cited n. 1(2).
4 Ltr, Maj L. W. McIntosh, Exec. Office Chief of Air Corps, to Maj Everett S. Hughes, G-1, 17 Apr 30. G-1 / 191335.
5 Anna M. Baetjer, Women in Industry; Their Health and Efficiency (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1946). Prepared in the Army Industrial Hygiene Laboratory under auspices of the National Research Council.
6 Maj Albert Preston, Jr., History of Psychiatry in the Women's Army Corps, 1946. SGO. Hereafter cited as Preston, Hist of Psychiatry in WAC
7 All references to the Army Nurse Corps, and to nursing, unless otherwise stated, are from a pamphlet published by the ANC:, The Army Nurse. Copy in War College Library.
8 Statement attributed to Mrs. Bedford Fenwick, about 1887. Lucy Ridgely (Buckler) Seymer, A General History of Nursing (London: Faber and Faber. Ltd., 1933).
9 The use of the abbreviations WAAC (later WAC) for the Corps and of Waacs (later Wacs) for its members was authorized, provided the full title of the Corps was used first, by Office Memorandum 21, 11 September 1942. SPWA 300, 1942 WAAC files. (See Bibliographical Note.)
10 D. Colett Wadge, ed., Women in Uniform (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd., 1946).
11 (1) Cablegram 276, par 15b, 8 Nov 17; (2) Memo, Dir of Women's Relations for G-1, 6 Aug 26, sub: Utilization of Women in Mil Serv. G-1/7000-2.
12 (1) Memo cited n. 11(2), Table G, Rpts on Welfare Work, AEF; Tables A, B. (2) Senate Com on Mil Affairs, 77th Cong, 2d sess, Hearings on S 2240, 6 Feb 42, pp. 10-14.
13 (1) Memo cited n. 11(2). Also: (2) Memo, CofS for TAG, Oct 18, sub: Enlmt of Women for Serv in France. WD Rec OCofS, 10730-19, National Archives. (3) Memo, TAG for CofS, 2 May 18, AG 011.2; approved by ACofS, 11 May 18, in Memo for TAG, 11 May 18. WD Rec AGO, WPD 10730-7, National Archives.
14 Stf Memo, 8 Oct 17, in lst Ind OQMG, 16 Oct 17. G-1/7000-2.
15 Ltr, TAG to CGs of all National Guard and National Army Divs, 11 Dec 17. AG 230.2211 (Misc Div). See Memo cited n. 11(2).
16 Memo, Lt Col Robert I. Rees, GSC, for CofS, 7 Dec 17. Copy in Memo cited n. 11(2).
17 Memo 62, Col Ira L. Reeves, IGD, for ASW, 24 Aug 18. Copy in Memo cited n. 11(2).
18 Memo, OQMG for TAG, 24 Apr 18, sub: Legislation Authorizing Enlmt of Women. WD Rec, OCofS, War College Div, 10730-7, 400.6 General, National Archives.
19 (1) Memo cited n. 11(2), Tab F: (2) Series of five studies by Dr. Kristine Mann, Civilian Workers' Br, OCofOrd, 19 Sep to 28 Sep 18. (3) Memo, CofOrd for WPD 26 Sep 18. WD Rec OCofS War College Div 10730-16 and 17, 342/8, National Archives.
20 (1) HR 7112, 6 Dec 17. (2) Memo, Actg Chief, War College Div, for CofS, 22 Dec 17, sub: Bill Introduced in House of Representatives. Rejection was by Ltr, Newton D. Baker, SW, to Chmn, House Com on Mil Affairs, 26 Dec 17. WD Rec, OCofS. War College Div, 10730-1, National Archives. (3) Memo, Dir WPD for CofS, 8 May 18. WD Rec, OCofS, War College Div, 10730-7, AG 011.2, National Archives.
21 Operations JAG 1917, I, 126. National Archives.
22 Memo, Hughes for G-1, 21 Sep 28, sub: Participation of Women in War. G-1/8604-1.
23 Memo cited n. 11(2). The legality of the Navy's action was held in "grave doubt" in a later decision of the Comptroller of the Treasury, but payment of the women was permitted in order not to interfere with naval efficiency. The Navy thereupon ceased enlisting women, but those already enlisted retained rights of service personnel and later of veterans. Memo, Maj Briant H. Wells, GS, for CofS, 22 Jun 17. WD Rec, OCofS. War College Div, 8196-7, National Archives.
24 New York American, February 9, 1917.
25 Memo, Dir WPD for CofS, 21 Oct 18. sub: Enlmt of Women for Serv in France. WD Rec, OCofS 10730-19. National Archives.
26 Memo, Chmn, Com on War Serv Tng for College Women, American Council on Education, 18 Sep 18. WD Rec. OCofS 10730-16. National Archives.
27 Memo, Cof0pns Div GS for CofS,--Nov 18, sub: Orgn of WAAC and Equivalent Orgn in U.S. WD Rec, OCofS, War College Div, 10730-23, National Archives. Copy in Memo cited n. 11(2).
28 Proceedings of Fifth Women's Patriotic Conference on National Defense, 29-31 Jan 30, Constitution Hall, Washington, D.C. Copy in G-1/9835.
29 Memo, Dir Women's Relations for SW, 8 Jan 27. G-1; 9562. Copy, with history of the office attached, in G-1/9835.
30 Ibid.
31 Memo. Brig Gen Campbell King, G-1, for CofS. 29 Sep 27, sub: Duty of Dir Women's Relations for U.S. Army. G-1/9835.
32 (1) Copies of 1trs and telgs are in G-1/9835 (1927). (2) Ltr, SW to Mrs. John Sippel, President, Gen Federation of Women's Clubs. 19 Oct 29. G-1/8604-3.
33 (1) Memo. Miss Phipps for SW, 21 Oct 30; (2) Memos, G-1 for CofS, 13, 14 Nov 30; (3) Memos, OCofS, 5-6 Mar 31; (4) Ltr, CofS to SW, 10 Mar 31. All in G-1 /9835 (1931).
34 (1) Her voluminous preliminary notes and studies are still on file in several roughly bound volumes in G-1/7000. (2) Memo, Dir Women's Relations for G- 1, 6 Aug 26. G-1/7000-2. For Navy and British experiences see: (3) Memo, OCofOrd for 3d ASW. WD Rec. OCofS, War College Div, 10730-16, National Archives. (4) Memo cited n. 25.
35 Memo, G-l for G-2, G-3. G-4, and WPD, 14 Aug 26, sub: Utilization of Women in Mil Serv, and atchd replies. G-1/7000-3.
36 Memo, G-4 for G-1, 13 Sep 26. G-4/20390.
37 (1) Memo, G-1 for CofS, 6 Jul 27. G-1/9835. (2) Memo, Lt Col George Grunert for G-1, 3 Feb 27. G-1 /7000-2.
38 The Comptroller General's decision is discussed in Ch. XII, below.
39 Discussion of Hughes plan, unless otherwise indicated, is from Memo. Hughes for G-1, 21 Sep 28, sub: Participation of Women in War. G-1/8604-1.
40 Author's italics.
41 Memo, Dir WPD for CofS. 18 Mar 19. w 'D Rec, OCofS, War College Div, 10730-26, National Archives.
42 (1) House Com on Veterans Legislation, 69th Cong, 1st less, Hearings, 6 Aug 26. (2) Interv with Mrs. Rogers, 14 Dec 45. (This form of citation is used throughout for interviews conducted by the author.)
43 The study was recovered then only when Mrs. Oveta Culp
Hobby,
Director, WAAC, on temporary duty in England, was introduced to
Maj. Gen. Everett S. Hughes, who demanded to know what G-1 had
done with his masterpiece. Returning to Washington, she unearthed
it but found no evidence that it had been known to the G-1
planners. Interv with Lt Col Helen Hamilton Woods, Deputy Dir
WAC, 22 Oct 45.
Throughout the volume, the rank held by the officer at the time
of the interview or of the discussion in the text is given.
Since this is not a completely chronological account, an officer
who appears in an early chapter as a lieutenant colonel subsequently may be referred to
as a major or a captain. It should also be noted that just as
brigadier. major, and lieutenant generals are customarily referred
to, after their initial mention. simply as General -- lieutenant
colonels
are referred to similarly as Colonel -- Colonel
Hobby was the only full colonel in the wartime WAC.
44 (1) Memo, Gen King, G-1 for CofS, 24 Aug 28. G-1/8604-1. (2) Memo, Brig Gen Albert. Bowley. G-1, 28 Feb 30. G-1/ 8604-4.
45 Memo, G-1 for CofS. 4 Jun 29, sub: Participation of Women in War. G-1/8604-2.
46 Memo, Capt Williston B. Palmer for G-1. 2 Oct 39. sub: Women with the Army (Emergency). G-1/15839.
47 (1) Ibid. (2) Personal Ltr, Col William Rose, AGO, to Col Lawrence Whiting, 11 Jun. 40, forwarded to Hist Div WDSS. 11 Apr 45, sub: Compilation of WAC: History. OCMH.
48 See entire file G-1/15839 (5-11-42), especially Memo, G-1 for CofS, 13 Aug 40; and Ltr, CofS to Dr. John W. Colbert, 19 Mar 41.
49 Examples are from: (1) Collection of ltrs and documents in G-1/15839-1 (5-11-42); and (2) Rupert Hughes, "Shall We Have a Women's National Guard?" Liberty, March 8. 1941.
50 (1) Ltr, AC to TAG, 19 Mar 41. AG 324.4 (3-19-41). (2) D/F G-1 for AC, 8 May 41. G-1/15839-10. Pt 1. (3) Ltr. GHQ AF to CofAAF, 27 Dec 41, and subsequent documents. ACC 324.5 AWS (Women). AG 291.9 WAAC Sec 1, Pt 1. (4) [Henry G. Elliott] The Predecessor Commands, SPOBS and USAFBI, Pt I of The Administrative and Logistical History of the ETO, Hist Div USFET, 1946, MS, p. 255. OCMH. (5) Memos. Chief, Women's Interest Sec, WDBPR, for CofS, 14 Nov 41, and 9 Dec 41, sub: HR 4906. AG 291.9 WAAC Sec 1 Pt 1 (6-2-41). (6) Congressional Record, Vol. 88, No. 55, p. 2657, 17 Mar 42.
51 Interv cited n. 42(2): also Congressional Record, Vol. 87, No. 100, p. 4639, 28 May 41.
52 Congressional Record entry cited n. 50(6).
53 Interv cited n. 42(2).
54 Memo, Brig Gen Wade H. Haislip, G-1, for CofS, 29 Apr 41. G-1/15839-10. Also in WA 320 (5-29-41) DRB AGO.
55 Memo, G-1 for CofS, 31 Mar 41. G-1/15839 10.
56 Comments and concurrences are all in two bound files, G-1/15839-10, Pts 1 and 2.
57 Memo, Supt ANC Col Howard T. Wickert, 9 Apr 41, atchd to Memo, SGO for G-1. 12 Apr 41. SGO 322.5 1 WAAF.
58 Bound files cited n. 56.
59 Memo cited n. 54.
60 HR 4906, 77th Cong. 1st sess, 28 May 41.
61 Congressional Record entry cited n. 50(6).
62 Memo cited n. 55.
63 Memo. Morale Br for G-1, 7 Apr 41. MB 320.2 (3-31-41) WR. Copy with G-1/15839.
64 Memo, Budget and Leg Plng Br for G-1, 18 Jun 41, sub: Rpt on HR 4906. AG 291.9 WAAC sec 1 pt 1 (6-2-41).
65 Interv cited n. 42(2).
66 Interv with Gen Hilldring, 17 Jan 46.
67 Ibid.; also, statement was made to Mrs. Hobby and repeated by her later to a Congressional committee. House Corn on Mil Affairs, 77th Cong, 2d sess Hearings on HR 6293, 20-21 Jan 42, p. 33.
68 Ltr. CofS to Hon. John W. McCormack, 6 Feb 42. CofS personal files.
69 Ltr, Bur of Budget to SW, 7 Oct 41. AG 291.9 WAAC sec l pt l (6-2-41).
70 Quotation from Memo. Maj Berry for Gen Haislip, 2 Dec 41. WA 042.2 (12-2 41). DRB AGO. Sec also Memo. Mrs. Hobby for CofS, 2 Dec 41, sub: HR 4906. CofS personal files.
71 Senate Corn on Mil Affairs, 77th Cong, 2d sees, Hearings on S 2240, 6 Feb 42, p. 23. The Senate suspected that the office had been set up to lobby for the WAAC, with which it actually had no connection. See also Ltr, CG, Pacific Ocean Area (Lt Gen Robert C. Richardson, Jr., formerly with WDBPR) to Col Hobby. 12 Oct 44. WDWAC 320.2. Also see undated MS draft. The Mission That Grew. WDWAC 314.7 (1945-46).
72 Memo, Brig Gen Alexander D. Surles, Chief. WDBPR. for CofS, 13 Oct 41. CofS personal files.
73 Memo, Chief, Women's Interests Sec for CofS, 14 Nov 41, sub: HR 4906. AG 291.9 WAAC sec 1 pt 1.
74 Memo, DCofS for Dir Bur of Budget, 25 Nov 41, sub: Proposed Revised Rpt on HR 4906. G-1/15839-10.
75 Interv cited n. 66.
76 Ltr, Bur of Budget to SW, 11 Dec 41. G-l/15839-10. Also in AG 291.9 WAAC sec 1 pt 1.
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