Endnotes for Chapter XXI

1 Unless otherwise indicated, all references and quotations are from the Report of the General Board, U.S. Forces, European Theater, Study of the Women's Army Corps in the European Theater of Operations. OCMH. (See Bibliographical Note.) Hereafter cited as ETO Bd Rpt. Other major references: (1) ETO WAC Hist. (2) WAAC classified files, SPWA (later WDWAC) 320.2 secs 1, 2, 4a, 4b, 6, and 8a, DRB AGO. (3) History of USSTAF, 516.01, Vol. III. Ch. II, pp. 150-58. USAF Hist Div. Cited as USSTAF Hist. (4) Historical Records Rpt 315c, Wacs in European Division, Air Transport Command. USAF Hist Div. Cited as ETO ATC WAC Hist. (See Bibliographical Note.) (5) Interv with Col Mary A. Hallaren, Dir WAC, and written comments 14 Mar 50, (6) Comments on draft of MS by Dr. Hugh M. Cole, author of The Lorraine Campaign, UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II (Washington, 1950).

2 (1) Ltr, ETO WAAC Stf Dir to Dir WAAC, 16 Jun 43. AG 322.3. SPN41A 320.2 sec 4a. (2) Rad 8786, USFOR London to WAR, 15 Apr 43. (3) Ltr, WAC Hq to CG ETO, 20 Feb 43; Rad 7329. London to WAR, 17 Feb 43. SPWA 320.2 sees 2 and 4b. (4) Memo. WAAC Hq for CG ASE 17 Mar 43. SPWA 320.2 sec 4a. (5) D/F OPD WDGS for CG ASE 22 Mar 43; 1st Ind to unidentified basic Ltr. Opns Div ASF to Dir WAAC, 12 Apr 43. SPOPU 320.3 (4-6-43).

3 Address to WAC OCS 60th Graduation Class, 1 7 Nov 45. WDWAC 352.

4 Rad 9130; London to WAR, 27 Apr 43. SPWA 320.2 sec 2.

5 (1) ETO WAC Hist, pp. 7-13; also ETO Bd Rpt. (2) Ltr, Lt Gen Frank M. Andrews, Hq ETO to Dir WAC, 1 May 43. SPWA 320.2.

6 Ltr, WAAC Stf Dir ETO to Dir WAAC, 30 Apr 43. SPWA 320.2 see 4a.

7 ETO Bd Rpt, incl App. 112.

8 (1) Rpt of Tng and Staging, PRD, Camp Shanks, N. Y., undated. SPWA 320.2 sec 2. (2) Interv cited n. 1(5). (3) Series of documents, SPWA 320.2 sees 1 and 2. WAAC sources say 557 enlisted women.

9 Statement by Col Hallaren, Nov 51. WAC files, OCMH.

10 ETO WAC Hist, pp. 10-11; also ETO Bd Rpt.

11 Address cited n. 3.

12 Ibid.

13 ETO Press Release 1601, 14 Aug 43. ETO PR file, Adm 365 WAC, DRB AGO.

14 ETO Press Release 1832, 6 Dec. 43. Same file.

15 Address cited n. 3.

16 (1) See Table 7, Appendix A. (2) ETO WAC Hist, pp. 8 9; also ETO Bd Rpt. WAC sources say September and October for arrival.

17 Rad W8189, USFOR London for USAWW-WAR, 6 Dec 43. SPWA 320.2 sec: 6.

18 (1) ETO WAC Hist, p. 9. (2) ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. 1, p. 27. (3) Ltr WAC Stf Dir to Dir WAC, 7 Aug 44. WDWAC 352 British Stf College.

19 (1) Cbl E-31714, Eisenhower to WD; (2) Cbl WAR 49888, 13 Jun 44: (3) Ltr, WAC Stf Dir ETO to Dir WAC, 24 Jun 44. WDWAC 320.2 ETO.

20 ETO Bd Rpt; differs slightly from Ltr, TAG to CG ETO, 10 Mar 43, sub: Quota of WAC Pers for ETO. AG 320.2 WAC (2-18-44) PO-M-A, in SPWA 320.2 (1944).

21 Sources cited n. 2.

22 Sources cited n. 19. These say strength was almost 6,000; later TAG figures give 3,687. See Table 7, Appendix A.

23 Later mentioned: U.S. Gp Contl Council. 12th Army Gp, First AB Army, and MIS. ETO Bd Rpt; also ETO WAC Hist, p. 19. Independent orgns: ACT, OSS, O of Mil Attaché, Governments in Exile, Br O of JAG MIRS, AACS, U.S. Strategic Bomb Surv.

24 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. 1, pp. 10 and 12.

25 (1) ETO Bd Rpt. (2) Morale Rpt, 1-15 May 43, to Chief Info and Censorship Sec ETO. ETO Opns Rpts, Adm 365 WAC, DRB AGO.

26 ETO Bd Rpt, p. 55; also Vol. II, App. 17.

27 ETO ATC WAC Hist.

28 Six deaths of Wacs were reported as of December 1944: 2 accidental poisonings, 2 auto accidents, l peritonitis, 1 meningitis. ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. III, App. 114.

29 The entire account of the movement into France and Germany, unless otherwise stated, is from ETO Bd Rpt and ETO WAC Hist.

30 Ltr, TAG to CG ET0. 10 Mar 44. AG 320.2 WAC (2-18-44) PO-M-A, in SPWA 320.2. Change was later written into WAC: Regulations.

31 See also Synopsis Hist of WAC, atchd to Memo WAC Gp WDBPR for Dir WAC, 31 Jul 45, sub: Proposed ETO WAC film. WDWAC 062.

32 After V-E Day. Wacs were also assigned to the Third. Seventh, and Fifteenth Armies. and to tile 40th Bombardment Wing.

33 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 26 and 27; Vol. II, App. 10, pp. 4-5. and 1). 14.

34 Rpt, Maj Frances Clements, G-3, and Capt Velma P. Griffith, PRO. WDWAC 333.1 (1945).

35 ETO Bd Rpt statistics.

36 ETO Bd Rpt statistics, Vol. II, App. 12 of App. 1, and Vol. III, Apps. 95-96.

37 (1) ETO WAC Hist, p. 26, 34. Also ETO Bd Rpt. (2) D/F, G- I to MPD ASF, 10 Mar 45. WDGAP 320.2 WAC, in WDWAC 320.2 ETO.

38 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, p. 27.

39 ETO Bd Rpt statistics as of 1 Nov 44.

40 Ltr; DCofS USA to AAF, ASF AGF. and overseas theaters, 11 Aug 44. CofS 324.5 WAC.

41 For details sec Chs. XXII and, below. Colonel Hobby had repeatedly discouraged ETO inquiries in this matter, and General White had written General Eisenhower a long personal letter citing obstacles, but after three Allied citizens were commissioned in Australia without her consent, the Director received a note from Colonel McCarthy, Secretary to the General Staff: "After a talk with Gen Eisenhower, Gen Marshall decided that Miss Summersby should be commissioned directly. I understand that the WAC will have objections but I believe that the decision is final." Memo, Secy WDGS for Dir WAC, 31 Oct 44. WDWAC 320.2 ETO.

42 This and following, including quotations, all from ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 16--17. 17, 19, 20, 21, 43, 80 82, and Vol. 11, App. 2 of App. I, and Apps. 7 and 10, p. 11.

43 Memo, Actg Theater Chief QM to Theater Gen Bd, USFET. 5 Dec 45. ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. III, App. 75.

44 Ltr, Hq USFET to all CGs. 8 Aug 45. AG 322.01 GAP-AGO.

45 Interv, 14 Mar 50.

46 ETO WAC Hist, pp. 10-11; also ETO Bd Rpt.

47 (1) ETO Bd Rpt, incl Vol. III. App. 7.5. (2) Ltr, Asst Theater WAAC Stf Dir to Dir WAC, 5 Jun 43. SPWA 320.2 sec 4a.

48 (1) Rpt, by ETO WAC Stf Dir, 12 Jul 44. WDWAC 421. (2) ETO Bd Rpt. (3) ETO WAC Hist, p. 14.

49 (1) Cbl W8720, USFOR London to AGWAR, 16 Nov 43, SPWA 320.2 sec 6. WAAC C1 file. (2) ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. III; App. 121.

50 This and following from ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 48. 58-60, 123; Vol. II, Apps. 1 and 13; Vol. III, Apps. 114, 117.

51 Memo, Maj Craighill for SG, through Chief Surg, ETOUSA. 30 Nov 44. SGO Hist Div 319.1 ETO, Women In.

52 Bull, U.S. Army bled Dept. Vol. VI, No. 3, Sep 46, p. 285.

53 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. II, App. 1

54 (1) ETO WAC Hist, p. 32. (2) ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. II, App. 13, p. 9.

55 Min, Senior Offs Mtg. Celtic: Hotel, 6 Nov 44. ETO folder Adm 534, Mss-Wacs in ETO, Opns Rpts, DRB AGO.

56 USSTAF Hist.

57 This and the following paragraphs are based on and quote: ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, p. 59, Vol. II, App. 13, p. 6, Vol. III, Apps. 114, 115, 121. Also see Ch. XXXI, below, for details.

58 Memo cited n. 51.

59 Weekly Health Rpt. Vol. V, No. 9, ASF, SGO; ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I. p. 123; Vol. III, Apps. 114, 119, 121. Hospitalization rate:
35 per 1,000 for U.S. Wacs
34 per 1,000 for Army, less evacuees
27.18 per 1,000 for Wacs in ETO

60 ETO Bd Rpt. Vol. I, p. 40.

61 ETO Bd Rpt, pp. 37-42.

62 USSTAF Hist.

63 Memo, Dir WAAC for CofS, 10 Oct 42, sub: Ltr of Instr to CC E TO. SPWA 320.2 sec 1.

64 D/F, Dir Mil Pers ASF to Dir WAAC, 16 Oct 42. SPGAM/322.5 WAAC (10-10-42), in SPWA 320.2 sec 1.

65 (1) ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 71 21; Vol. III, App. 135: Vol. III, App. 10, p. 7. (2) Quotation from Memo, WAC Stf Dir ETOUSA, for Col Howard E. Kessinger, Exec, G-1 WDGS (on tour of ETO), 28 Aug 44. WDWAC 421.

66 (1) Memo, Exec for Dir WAC. 24 Feb 44: (2) WD Cir 118, 22 Mar 44; (3) Memo, "KKJ" for Dir WAC. 26 Feb 45, WDWAC 319.1 Johnson (1945-46); (4) Memo, Dir WAC for Col Guenther, 1 Mar 45; (5) Memo; Dir WAC: for G-1, 27 Mar 45: (6) Cbls CM-OUT 57510, WD to ETO, and CM-N 26948, ETO to WD, 25 Mar 45. All in WDWAC 421.

67 Ibid. Quotation from ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. II, App. 7: Memo, WAC Stf Dir for G- I SHAEF, 4 May 45.

68 Min cited n. 55. ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. III, Apps. 71, 132, 134. Monthly salaries:

69 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, p. 132.

70 Min cited n. 55.

71 Intervs with civilians returned from Europe.

72 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. III. Apps. 131, 133, 131; Vol. I, p. 133.

73 Unless otherwise stated, discussion is from ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. 1, pp. 6, 25. 135-39: Vol. III, Apps. 137-49.

74 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. III, Apps. 136. 146, (11-23 May 45)

75 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 136-39.

76 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. III, App. 147.

77 Hq ETOUSA Cir 41, par 5a, 17 Apr 44.

78 WAAC Regs, 1 Jun 43; W D Cir 462, 1944, par 12b.

79 Memo cited n. 51.

80 (1) Hq ETOUSA Cir, 9 Jun 45, par V (2) Above passage based on ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 55-58, and Vol. II, Apps. 39-47. General Eisenhower's policy: App. 39. Chaplain's protest: App. 42. Newspaper quote: Washington Post, March 2, 1947.

81 ETO ATC WAC Hist.

82 All statements on public relations, unless otherwise indicated are from ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 115-119, and Vol. III, App. 112.

83 Ltr, PRO ETO Hq to Dir WAC, 30 May 44. WDWAC 320.2.

84 ETO Press Releases 8296, 29 Jan 44, and 9747. 16 Nov 44. ETO Adm 365 WAC, DRB AGO.

85 Eighth AF Hq Release Des Moines Register, January 20. 1944. Also: (1) Memo. Dir WAC for CG AAF, 2 Feb 44, and reply, 21 Feb 44, from CofAS, Gen Giles, citing cbls. SPWA 001.-N. (2) Chicago World Herald, August 21, 1945. UP release, "Soldiers Lambaste Wacs."

86 New York Times, December 5. 1944, by Timer correspondent with British Second Army.

87 (1) Ltr; Dr. K. Frances Scott to Dir WAC, 14 Jan 45, and atchd file. WDWAC 330.14. (2) New York Journal-American, December 8, 1944.

88 Ltr, Natl Fed of Press Women to Dir Hobby, 16 Dec 94, and Inds. WDWAC 080.

89 Chicago World Herald, August 21, 1945, UP release.

90 Memo, Actg Chief, WAC Gp WDBPR for Dep Dir WDBPR, 29 Jan 45. WDBPR WAC Gp file Organization of WAC Group.

91 Dr, Miss Eleanor C. Vincent. Asst National Dir. Mil and Naval Welfare Serv, Red Cross, to Miss Helen Walmsley, 7 Sep 44. WDWAC 080 Red Cross (1945).

92 This was administered by the Army with recreation furnished by the Red Cross. ETO WAC Hist, pp. 30-32; ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. II, App. 10, p. 10.

93 ETO Bd Rpt, pp. 52- 55 and 69-70.

94 Min cited n. 55. Also ETO Bd Rpt. Vol. II, App. 7.

95 Memo, Secy WDGS for Dir WAC, 12 May 44. WDCSA 424.5 WAC, in CofS 324.5 WAC.

96 (1) D/F, G-1 for CofS, 2 Feb 45. WDGAP 320.2 WAC, in CSA 324.5 WAC. (2) Memo, Exec WAC for Dir WAC, 21 Feb 45. WDWAC 201.6.

97 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I; also D/F, G-1 WD to MPD ASF 10 Mar 45. WDGAP 320.2 WAC in WDWAC 320.2 ETO. Quota was 200 offs and 10,400 EW.

98 Memo ETO for 'FAG, 6 May 45. AG 387 RCGA, in WDWAC 320.2 ETO.

99 D/F, G-1 Div WDGS to TAG, 7 Jul 45. WDGAP 320.2 WAC (2-2- 45), in WDWAC 320.2.

100 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, p. 114.

101 All from PTO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, p. 11.

102 Ibid.

103 Address cited n. 3.

104 USSTAF Mist.

105 The exact comparative figures are not given on the graph (ETO Bd Rpt, p. 45: also Vol. II, App. 1) from which the comparison is taken, but seem to correspond to those from Strength of the Army, STM-30, June 1945.

106 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 14, 7 l : ETO approximate grades as of 31 Aug 45; WAC officers, worldwide, are from Strength of the Army, June 1945.

107 ETO Bd Rpt, p. 48 and App. 26: 4 Meritorious Unit Plaques, 3 Presidential Citations. 15 Purple Heart, 9 Legion of Merit (7 to officers). 229 Bronze Star, 2 OBE, 1 Legion of Honor, 6 Croix de Guerre, 113 Certificates of Merit, 7 MBE 2 Luxembourg Couronne de Chene. For final TAG figures on decorations and awards, see Table 8, Appendix A.

108 Boa (1) Cbl WAR-65259 to CG ETO 17 Sep 45 (2) D/F, G-1 to ASF, 25 Sep 43. WDGAP 421 WAC, in WDWAC 421.

109 ETO Bd Rpt, Vol. I, pp. 7 and 133.

110 (1) Rpt, Nov 44 sub: Postwar Plans of EW in WAC; (2) Rpt, Nov 44, sub: Attitude of 175 WAC Offs Toward Remaining in WAC Overseas. WDWAC 320.2.

111 Ltr, Dir WAC to Clare Boothe Luce, 15 Jun 45, in reply to correspondence, 7 Jun 45. WDWAC 095 Forsht. Also similar letters in this file.

112 See Ch. XXXVI, below.

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