Endnotes for Chapter XI

1 Incl 3 to Memo, WPD for CofS, 2 Feb 39, par. e, Strategic Factors, WPD 4115-3. The term "Northeast Brazil," as used in this volume, refers to the Brazilian coastal area between Recife and the Guiana border.

2 Lawrence F. Hill, ed., Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1947), contains a good brief description of Brazil and Brazilian-American relations.

3 This analysis of Brazil's military position is based principally on: G-2 Memo, 16 Jan 39, title: Notes on Coast Artillery Defs of the Coast of Brazil; and Memo, G-2 for WPD, 25 Jan 39, sub: Def Policy of Brazil. Both in WPD 4115-3. Also AWC report, 29 Mar 39, sub: Special Study, Brazil, copy in WPD 4115-7.

4 AWC report, 29 Mar 39, p. 47.

5 Notes on SLC mtgs, 23 Jan and 8 Feb 39, SLC Min, Vol. I, Items 31 and 34; Memo, WPD for CofS, 2 Feb 39, WPD 4115-3.

6 Notes on SLC mtgs, 1 Apr and 15 May 39, SLC Min,. Vol. I, Items 36 and 39; Ltr, Gen Goes Monteiro to Gen Marshall, 8 Aug 39, WPD 4224-13. Mrs. Katherine T. Marshall, Together (New York, Atlanta: Tupper and Love, Inc., 1946), pp. 44-50, relates the circumstances of General Marshall's visit and the enthusiatic reception he received in Brazil.

7 Memos of Convs held in Rio, 12, 14, and 15 Jun 39, WPD 4224-7, WPD 4224-9, WPD 4224-10; Ltr, Gen Goes Monteiro to Gen Marshall, 8 Aug 39, WPD 4224-13.

8 Memo, Maj Ridgway for DCofS, 17 Jun 39, WPD 4224-11.

9 Ibid.

10 Telg, Under Secy State Welles to Ambassador Jefferson Caffery, 31 Aug 39; Telg, Caffery to Welles, 1 Sep 39; Ltr, Welles to President Roosevelt, 6 Sep 39. All in Roosevelt Papers, FDRL. Telg, Caffery to Dept of State, 4 Sep 39; Ltr, Wells to Gen Marshall, 5 Sep 39. Last two in WPD 4224-17:

11 Ltr, Gen Goes Monteiro to Gen Marshall, 8 Sep 39, WPD 4224-15; Ltr, Gen Marshall to Gen Goes Monteiro, 5 Oct 39, WPD 4224-19.

12 Papers in WPD 4224-45. See also Ch. IX, above.

13 Ltr, Gen Goes Monteiro to Gen Marshall, 8 Aug 39, WPD 4224-13; Memo, Maj Ridgway for Gen Strong, ACofS WPD, 30 Oct 39, WPD 4224-27; Report of Gen Emmons, n.d., and Report of Col Olds, 1 Dec 39, WPD 4185-2. See also Ch. X, above.

14 Memos for Record, Col Kimberly, 18 and 22 Nov 38, WPD 4224-67; Notes on SLC mtg, 6 Nov 39, SLC Min, Vol. I, item 41.

15 Memo, Mai Ridgway for CofS, 2 Dec 39, SLC Min, Vol. I, Item 46.

16 Because of the extended delay in carrying out this sale, the Army records on it are particularly voluminous. For terms, see Ltr, TAG to CofOrd, 22 Apr 40, and pen annotations on WPD copy, WPD 4244. There is a full summary of the negotiations down to October 1940 in the report of Lt. Col. Lehman W. Miller to Ambassador Caffery, dated 10 October 1940, WPD 4224-104. Thereafter, see: Memo, WPD for CofS, 17 Feb 41, WPD 4224-124; Memo for Record, Col Brett, 16 Jun 41, WPD 4224-160; and Min, first mtg of WD Munitions Assignment Committee (Ground), 12 Feb 42, OCS 21210-32.

17 This paragraph and the preceding one are based principally on: Notes on SLC mtg, 23 Nov 40; Memo, CofS for SW, 26 Nov 40. Both in SLC Min, Vol. I, Item 65. Memo, E. A. R. for SW, 29 Nov 40, stating the British position, SW file, Brazil-Brazilian Vessel; Ltr, Gen Goes Monteiro to Gen Marshall, 30 Nov 40; Ltr, Gen Marshall to Gen Goes Monteiro, 14 Dec 40; Ltr, SW to Secy State, 15 Jan 41. Last three in AG 386.3 Brazil (11-30-40). Ltr, Under Secy State to CofS, 10 Jun 41; Ltr, CofS to SW and Under Secy State, 11 Jun 41. Last two in AG 380 (1-13-41). Memo, Col Brett for Col Ridgway, 27 Nov 41, WPD 4224-200.

18 On the general problem of Latin American arms supply in 1940 and 1941, see Chapter IX, above.

19 JB 325, ser 642-1. See Ch. I, above.

20 Memo, Col Olds for CG GHQ Air Force, 1 Dec 39, WPD 4185-2.

21 See Ch. I, above.

22 Memo, President Roosevelt for CNO, 30 Apr 40, copy in WPD 4224-86, printed in FDR Personal Letters, II, 1016.

23 Memo, CofS and CNO for Mr. Welles, 7 May 40, WPD 4224-116.

24 Memo of Conv, 13 May 40, transmitted in Ltr, William C. Burdett, Counselor of Embassy, Rio, to Gen Marshall, 17 May 40, WPD 4224-92.

25 See Ch. II, above.

26 Memo, WPD for CofS, 27 May 40; Memo, WPD for Dept of State, 27 May 40. Both in WPD 4115-17.

27 Hull, Memoirs, I 820-21; Langer and Gleason, Challenge to Isolation, pp. 611-14; Ltr, Adm Pickens to Adm Stark, Rio de Janeiro, 26 Jun 40, Roosevelt Papers, FDRL.

28 Plan for Development RAINBOW #4, 17 Jun 40, AWC 111-41/20.

29 The Army WPD view is indicated (among other places) in Memo of Conv with Mexican military representatives, 19 Jul 40, WPD 4338; the Navy WPD view in Memo for CNO, 11 Jul 40, copy in WPD 4115-29.

30 Jt Estimate of Situation, 25 Sep 40, WPD 4321-9.

31 See Ch. X, above.

32 Memo, CofS for SW, 1 Jun 40, WPD 4115-16; Ltr, Col Miller to Gen Marshall, 17 Jun 40, WPD 4224-102; Memo, Col Miller for Ambassador Caffery, 17 Jun 40, WPD 4224-101; Memo and Incls, WPD for CofS, 16 Jul 40, WPD 4244-10.

33 Memo, Col Miller for Ambassador Caffery, 21 Jun 40, WPD 4224-101.

34 Incl 3 to Memo, WPD for CofS, 16 Jul 40, WPD 4244-10.

35 Memo, WPD for CofS, 8 Jul 40, WPD 4244-10. See Ch. IX, above.

36 Ltr, Ambassador Caffery to Under Secy State Welles, 7 Aug 40, WPD 4224-101.

37 Memo, CofS for Under Secy State, 27 Jul 40; Memo for File, Actg ACofS WPD, G Nov 40. Both in WPD 4224-104. The latter memorandum records a conversation with Ambassador Caffery, then in Washington, during which the War Plans chief stated that General Marshall's July memorandum had not promised the early delivery of any combat equipment and also that the "major part" of the arms that the United States planned to provide for Brazil could not become available until late 1942 or 1943.

38 Memo, WPD for CofS, 16 Jul 40, WPD 4244-10.

39 Memo, WPD for G-2, 13 Aug 10, and Incls, WPD 4224-101.

40 Memo, Gen Goes Monteiro for Col Miller, 21 Sep 40; Memo, Col Ridgway for Gen Strong, WPD, 9 Oct 40. Both in WPD 4224-101.

41 A copy of this agreement in its final form is in WPD 4115-44. The Brazilian Army approved it by Ltr, Gen Goes Monteiro to Gen Miller, 7 Apr 41, cited in WPD 4115-44; the United States Army, by Ltr, SW to Secy State, 26 Apr 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2.

42 Memo, Col Ridgway for ACofS WPD, 30 Oct 40; Memo, ACofS WPD for CofS, 30 Oct 40. Both in WPD 4224-101. Summary of Staff Conv with Amer Reps, Aug-Oct 40, Sec. 4, WPD 4115-44; remarks of Gen Marshall at SLC mtg, 3 Jan 42, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 42.

43 Ltr, Actg SN to Secy State, 14 Nov 40, OPD Misc 61.

44 Ltr, Gen Goes Monteiro to Gen Marshall, 30 Nov 40, and other papers, AG 386.3 Brazil (11-30-40).

45 Memo, Gen Goes Monteiro for Col Miller, 21 Sep 40 WPD 4224-101; Memo, WPD for CofS, 6 Nov 40, and other papers in WPD 4224-104; Ltr, Gen Dutra to Gen Marshall, 20 Nov 40, and other papers, AG 335.11 Brazil (11-18-40).

46 Paper, title: Memo of Conf between CofS and Gen Amaro Bittencourt . . ., Jan 8, 1941, WPD 4224-109; SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 2; Memo, Col Miller for CofS, 6 Feb 41, WPD 4224-116.

47 Memo, WPD for CofS, 25 Jan 41, WPD 4224-114.

48 Memo for Record, Col Ridgway, 10 Jan 41, WPD 4113-30; Memo, Col Ridgway for Brig Gen Lehman W. Miller, 5 May 41, WPD 4224-143.

49 Memos, CofS for Under Secy State, 25 Jan and 7 Feb 41, AG 380 (5-18-40); Sec. 2; Memo, WPD for CofS, 20 Mar 41, WPD 4224-131; Notes on SLC mtg, 24 Mar 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 13. See also Ch. IX, above.

50 Memo, Col McNarney for Gen Gerow, WPD, 19 Dec 40, OPD Exec 4, Item 5.

51 Memo, WPD for CofS, 19 Dec 40, WPD 4224-106. About this time, military observer Hanson Baldwin was urging the lease of a large air base site at Natal, to be "under the complete sovereignty and military control of the United States." He argued that the base was of such vital importance to hemisphere defense that the United States ought to be prepared to offer Brazil $100,000,000 for it. Baldwin, United We Stand, pp. 108, 217.

52 Notes on Conf in OCS, 3 Jan 41, OCS Conf Binder 8; Notes on SLC mtg, 3 Jan 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 1; Note for Record on Memo, SGS for WPD, 4 Jan 41, WPD 4113-50.

53 Memo, Col Ridgway for ACofS WPD, 29 Jan 41, WPD 4224-116.

54 Various papers, WPD 4224-116, WPD 4224-117, WPD 4224-118, WPD 4224-119, especially paper, title: Summary of Conversations . . . 5 Feb 41, WPD 4224-119.

55 Memo, Col Miller for Col Ridgway, 13 Feb 41, WPD 4224-122.

56 Memo, WPD for CofS, 20 Mar 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2.

57 Memo, WPD for CofS, 24 Apr 41, WPD 4224-141; Memo, WPD for DCofS Arnold, 5 May 41, OPD Exec 13; Ltr, Gen Marshall to Gen Miller, 6 May 41, WPD 4224-150.

58 See Ch. V, above.

59 Memo, Maj Mathewson for Gen Gerow, 21 May 41, WPD 4224-150; Memo, Col Ridgway for Gen Gerow, 23 Jul 41, WPD 4115-52; Memo, Col Ridgway for Gen Marshall, 23 Dec 41, OPD Exec 6, Book 1.

60 Notes on Confs in Rio, 20 and 22 May 41, WPD 4224-155; Draft of JB 325, set 695, -- May 41 (Ind 2 to Memo, WPD for CofS, 2 Jun 41), WPD 4516; Memo, WPD for CofS, 7 Jul 41, WPD 4516-6; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 364-76. See Ch. V, above.

61 JP&P Sec study, 22 May 41, Intl A to Memo, WPD for CofS, 27 May 41, WPD 4224-155; Memo, Lt Col L. S. Gerow for Gen Gerow, 27 May 41, WPD 4422-5.

62 Memo, WPD for CofS, 3 Jun 41, and other papers, WPD 4516. The Army had learned on 21 April that Brazil had approved the use of its harbors by the United States Navy. SLC Min, Vol. 17, Item 20.

63 JB 325, ser 695, 4 Jun 41, copy in AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2; Ltr, SW and SN to President, 13 Jun 41, and other papers, WPD 4516.

64 Memo, CofS for Under Secy State, 5 Jun 41, WPD 4516; Memo, WPD for CofS, 9 Jun 41, OPD 334.8 Ln Com; Notes on SLC mtg, 10 Jun 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 29.

65 Memo, CofS for Under Secy State, 17 Jun 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2. See also Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, pp. 518-19, 600-605, on American-Brazilian negotiations during the summer and autumn of 1941.

66 Memo, WPD for CofS, 14 Jun 41, OPD Exec 4, Item 7.

67 Ltr (not used), SW for President, 19 Jun 41, Stimson Diary.

68 Stimson Diary, entry of 19 Jun 41; Gerow Diary, entry of 19 Jun 41; Memo, Gen Marshall for WPD, 21 Jun 41, WPD 4516.

69 Memo, SW for President, 23 Jun 41, Roosevelt Papers, FDRL.

70 Study, n.d. {early July 1941], title: Draft Suggestions for President's Report to Congress, SW file, White House.

71 Gerow Diary, entry of 26 Jun 41.

72 Memo, WPD for Gen Miller, 23 Jun 41, WPD 4224-164; Memo, WPD for CofS, 12 Jul 41; Memo, CofS for Under Secy State, 14 Jul 41. Last two in WPD 4113-109. Ltr, Mr. Welles to Gen Marshall, 15-1 41, WPD 4516.

73 Report of Gen Miller, 8 Aug 41, WPD 4516-26.

74 Memo, Gen Miller for WPD, 14 Oct 41, WPD 4224-186; Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, p. 602.

75 Notes on SLC mtg, 18 Aug 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 33; Incl 1 to Memo, WPD for CofS, 10 Nov 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2.

76 Gerow Diary, entry of 31 Aug 41; Memo (not used), WPD for CofS,--Sep 41; Memo, M. B. R. [Ridgway] for Col Crawford, WPD, 20 Sep 41. Last two in WPD 4516-20. Memo, Col Ridgway for Gen Gerow, WPD, 30 Sep 41, WPD 4516-27. A principal difficulty was the wide differential in soldier pay, an American infantry regiment at this time being paid approximately $900,000 more annually than a comparable Brazilian regiment.

77 Memo, WPD for Dir Navy WPD, 3 Jul 41, and notations thereon of 9 Jul 41, WPD 4224167; Memo, Adm Stark for Gen Marshall, 2 Sep 41, WPD 4516-20; Notes on SLC mtg, 12 Nov 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 36.

78 Memo, WPD for CofS, 7 Jul 41, WPD 4516-6; Tab A to Memo, WPD for CofS, 10 Nov 41, AG380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2.

79 Term of Agreement, signed at Rio de Janeiro, 24 Jul 41, by Gen. Eurico G. Dutra and Brig. Gen. Lehman W. Miller, WPD 4115-44.

80 Instructions to U.S. Army Reps-Brazil-U.S. Planning Group, 2 Jul 41, WPD 4516-7.

81 Ind 2 to Instructions cited in footnote 80, above; Memo, CofS GHQ for CG FF, 15 Sep 41, WPD 3209-14.

82 Memo, CofS for Under Secy State, 21 Jul 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2.

83 Ltr, Col McCunniff to WPD, 15 Oct 41, WPD 4113-33. This letter is the formal report on the work of the joint Planning Group. Its activities were also reported in General Miller's Report of Status of Hemisphere Defense Projects, 8 Aug 41, WPD 4516-26, and his Memo for WPD, 14 Oct 41, sub: Military Cooperation of Brazil in Hemisphere Defense, WPD 4224-186. See Chapter XII, below, for an account of the joint United States-Brazilian Army board established in December 1941.

84 On the medical survey, see WPD 4378; on aerial mapping, see the reports of General Miller cited in footnote 83, above.

85 Par A-2, Gen Millets Report of Status of Hemisphere Defense Projects, 8 Aug 41, WPD 4516-26.

86 Ltr, Col McCunniff to WPD, 15 Oct 41, WPD 4113-33.

87 Memo, Col Ridgway, WPD, 18 Oct 41, and atchd comments of Gen Gerow and Cols Gerow and Handy, WPD 4113-33;  entry of 10 Oct 41 GHQ 314.81 Diary.

88 Entries of 18 Aug, 11 Sep, and 10 Oct 41, GHQ 314.81 Diary; Memo, DCofS GHQ for WPD, 25 Oct 41; Memo, WPD for CofS GHQ, 31 Oct 41. Last two in WPD 4224-204. Annex, Sec. VIII, Nov 41, to WD Strategic Estimate, Oct 41, WPD 4510 Theater Studies; Memo, DCofS GHQ for WPD, 3 Dec 41; Memo and attachments, WPD for CofS GHQ, 17 Dec 41. Last two in WPD 4516-38. See Ch. XII, below.

89 Ltr, Col McCunniff to WPD, 15 Oct 41, WPD 4113-33.

90 Report of JAB, 3 Mar 41, JAB 5-2 (OPD Misc 36).

91 Study by Col Ridgway, 11 Apr 41, OPD Misc 47. See Ch. IX, above.

92 Memo, Gen Miller for WPD, 14 Oct 41, WPD 4224-186; Memo, Gen Miller for G-2, 30 Oct 41, WPD 4516-35.

93 Memo, Col Brett for Col Ridgway, 27 Nov 41, WPD 4224-200.

94 Ltr, Gen Miller to Col Barber, WPD, 12 Sep 41, WPD 4224-176.

95 Information about the token shipment has been drawn from various papers in WPD 4224153, WPD 4244-35, WPD 4516-18, OCS 6526-36, and SLC Min, Vol. II.

96 Notes on SLC mtgs, 21 May, 10 Jun, and 1 Jul 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Items 26, 29, and 30; various papers, dated 26 May-2 Jul 41, WPD 4406-9.

97 Various papers, dated 18 Aug 41-24 Jan 42, WPD 4406-9, WPD 4406-18, WPD 440620, WPD 4406-26, WPD 4406-30, WPD 4406-33, WPD 4406-37, SLC Min, Vol. II; Memo, AAF for WPD, 4 Feb 42, JAB 6-7 (OPD Misc 37).

98 Ltr, CofS to Under Secy State, 24 Oct 41, WPD 4516-20.

99 See Ch. X, above.

l00 Craven and Cate, AAF 1, pp. 319-27. For further details, see manuscript history by Capt. Dulany Terrett and others, The Official History of the South Atlantic Division, Air Transport Command (hereafter cited as Hist of So Atlantic Div, ATC), Ch. II, pp. 92ff.

101 Memo, OPD for CofS, 27 Aug 42, commenting on undated report handed by Mr. Caffery to General Marshall, OPD 336 Brazil.

102 Memo Adm Stark for Gen Marshall, 2 Sep 41, WPD 4516-20; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, pp. 377-78.

103 Memo, Gen Miller for WPD, 14 Oct 41, WPD 4224-186; Memo, Col Ridgway for Gen Marshall (through Gen Gerow), 9 Oct 41, WPD 4224-188.

104 Memo, Col Ridgway for Gen Marshall (through Gen Gerow), 9 Oct 41, WPD 4224-188.

105 Ltr, Col McCunniff to WPD, 15 Oct 41, WPD 4113-33.

106 Incl to Memo, OPD for CofS, 27 Aug 42, OPD 336 Brazil.

107 Draft of Ltr, SW to Secy State, 30 Aug 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2. Actually, as noted above, the President had not requested Brazil to permit the entry of Army security forces, though it was the War Department's understanding at this time that such a request had been made in early July.

108 Notes on draft ltr cited in footnote 107, above; Gerow Diary, entry of 31 Aug 41; Memo, Aide to the SW for CofS, 3 Sep 41, WPD 4516-20.

109 Memo, Adm Stark for Gen Marshall, 2 Sep 41, WPD 4516-20.

110 Memo, Col Barber for Gen Gerow, WPD, 3 Sep 41, WPD 4516-20; Ltr, CofS to CNO, 8 Sep 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2.

111 Entry of 16 Oct 41, GHQ 337 Staff Confs Binder 1; Memo, Capt C. M. Yates, USN, for DCofS GHQ, 21 Oct 41, GHQ 381 RAINBOW 5.

112 Memo, Capt Spears, USN, for Col Ridgway, WPD, 31 Oct 41, WPD 4516-28.

113 Ltr, Adm Beauregard to Adm Stark, 12 Nov 41, WPD 4224-186.

114 Min, JB mtg, 26 Nov 41, Pearl Harbor Attack, Pt. 15, p. 1642.

115 Tab D to Memo, WPD for CofS, 19 Sep 41, WPD 4494-12.

116 WD Strategic Estimate, Oct 41, Sec. III, WPD 4494-21.

117 Tab A to Estimate Army Requirements, Sep 41, WPD 4494-21.

118 Memo, Col Ridgway for Gen Marshall (through Gen Gerow), 9 Oct 41, WPD 4224-188, summarizing Colonel Ridgway's remarks at a meeting with Col Donovan and members of his organization on 8 October. As suggested in the text above, it is by no means clear that this was the Navy Department's "objective" at this time.

119 Memo, WPD for CofS, 10 Nov 41, WPD 4516-20. The memorandum was drafted by Colonel Bundy, Chief of WPD's Plans Group.

120 Ltr, CofS to Under Secy State, 24 Oct 41, WPD 4516-20.

121 Notes on SLC mtg, 12 Nov 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 36. See Ch. XII, below.

122 Remarks of Gen Miller at SLC mtg, 1 Oct 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 34. General Miller was then in Washington.

123 Memo, Gen Miller for WPD, 14 Oct 41, WPD 4224-186.

124 Memo, Gen Miller for G-2, 30 Oct 41, WPD 4516; Incl 1 to Memo, WPD for CofS, 10 Nov 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2.

125 Report of Gen Miller, 8 Aug 41, WPD 4516-26; Ltr, Under Secy Welles to Gen Marshall, 5 Nov 41, AG 380 (5-18-40), Sec. 2; U.S. Navy intelligence summaries, 1 and 15 Nov 41, Pearl Harbor Attack, Pt. 15, pp. 1803, 1823; remarks of Under Secy Welles at SLC mtg, 12 Nov 41, SLC Min, Vol. II, Item 36.

126 Telg, Ambassador Caffery to Dept of State, 21 Nov 41, WPD 4516-32; Dept of State Memo, Mr. Duggan for Mr. Welles, 25 Nov 41, WPD 4406-30.

127 Memo, WPD for CofS, 28 Nov 41, WPD 4516-19; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, p. 378.

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