Endnotes for Chapter IX
1 Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 559.
2 The following account of the American civilian missions derives from George V. Allen, "American Advisers in Persia," Department of State Bulletin, XI (23 Jul 44) 88-93; and Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, pp. 263-73.
3 Shuster's eight months' effort and his views upon the situation are preserved in his book, The Strangling o f Persia (New York: Century Company, 1912).
4 (1) From The Pageant o f Persia, pp. 340-41, by Henry Filmer, copyright 1936, used by special permission of the publishers, The Bobbs-Mernll Company, Inc., Indianapolis. (2) See also J. M. Balfour, Recent Happenings in Persia (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons, Ltd., 1922), pp. 123-25; Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, p. 74; Ch. I, pp. 12-13, above; and R&A 1206, Conflicts and Agreements of Interest of the United Nations in the Near East, 10 Jan 44, Research and Analysis Br, Office of Strategic Services, p. 26.
6 For German penetration to 1941 see Lenczowski, Russia and the West in Iran, pp. 151-52, 160-62.
8 Ltr, Wallace Murray, Adviser on Political Relations, Dept State, to Gen Eisenhower, OPD, 29 Apr 42. OPD 210.68 Iran 3. The letter records that the Foreign Office, London, approved the principle of "Anglo-United States co-operation in Persian questions."
9 Iran broke off relations with Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, and Romania on 16 September 1941, after the occupation, but before the date of the treaty. It broke off relations with Vichy France on 5 February 1942; and declared war on Germany 9 September 1943 and on Japan i March 1945, retroactive one day.
10 Ltr, Adolf A. Berle, Jr., to Henry L. Stimson, 1 Apr 42. AG 210.68 (4-1-42 ) (1) .
11 Ltrs, Berle to Stimson, 8 Apr 42 ; Stimson to Berle, 16 Apr 42 ; Berle to Stimson, 24 Apr 42. Abstracts PGF 261.
12 Mohammed Reza Shah is directly quoted in an interview published in The New York Times, September 27, 1950, as saying, "The war completely disrupted our life. One of the worst of our experiences was Dr. Millspaugh, who has tremendous responsibility for our bankruptcy and lack of discipline, created by the occupation of our country." U.S. Ambassador Allen's contrary view regarding bankruptcy was alluded to above, page 161. Millspaugh's accounts of his missions are in his books, The American Task in Persia (New York: Century Company, 1925) and Americans in Persia. See also Elgin Groseclose, Introduction to Iran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947), pp. 181-84; and Millspaugh's letter to The New York Times, October 10, 1950.
13 (1) Tab "A," Summary of the Record Relative to General Greely's Mission in Iran, atchd to Memo for CofS, signed Brig Gen St. Clair Streett, Actg ACofS, OPD, 17 Aug 42. OPD Exec 10, Item 56, OPD Hist Sec Coll, OCMH. (2) Rad, Greely to WD, 13 May 42. AG 210.31 (5-13-42) (14). (3) Rad TAG to Greely, 16 May 42. Same file. (4) Rad 162, Dreyfus to Hull, 16 May 42. Dept State 891.20/134.
14 (1) Rad AMSIR 2, Greely to WD, 20 May 42. Summary of Cables, Russian Mission File, OPD, Middle East, Abstract PGF 261. (2) Rad 17, WD to Greely, 22 May 42. Same file.
15 (1) Ltr, Stimson to Hull, 20 May 42. AG 210.68 ( 4-1-42 ) (1) . (2 ) Rad 165, Dreyfus to Hull, 22 May 42. Dept State 891.20/138. (3) Memo, Greely for CofS, 7 Sep 42, sub: Rpt on Duty as Adviser, Iranian Army, 19 May-4 Sep 42 (cited hereafter as Greely Rpt). Case 45, Sec 1 OPD 210.684 Iran. (4) Rad, WD to Greely, 24 May 42. Cited Greely Rpt. (5) Rad AMRUS 19, TAG to Greely, 17 Jun 42. AG 210.684 (4-1-42). (6) Rad, Marshall to Greely, 23 Jun 42. AG 210.31 (5-13-42) (14).
16 The basic documents on the Greely incumbency are: (1) Greely Rpt. ( 2 ) Memo, WD Summary, Maj Gen Thomas T. Handy, ACofS, OPD, for CofS, 1 Oct 42. Abstract PGF 261. (3) State Dept Summary by Wallace Murray, 3 Sep 42, inclosed in Ltr, Summer Welles to Lt Gen Joseph T. McNarney, DCofS, 23 Sep 42. Dept State 891.20/175 PS/MEL.
17 Rad AMSIR 354, Somervell to Shingler, 8 Jul 42. AG 400.3295 (8-9-h1) Sec 4.
18 Ltr, Greely to Somervell, 30 May 42. Abstract PGF 261.
19 Greely Rpt, 20 and 27 Jun 42. Marshall replied on 27 June that Dreyfus was being instructed to inform Greely fully on all matters concerning him and that Greely was to do the same for Dreyfus.
20 Greely Rpt, 2 and 10 Jul 42.
22 Ltr, Stimson to Welles, 1 Sep 42. Russian Mission File, Africa-Middle East Sec, OPD.
23 Summary cited n. 16 ( 3 ) , citing Greely's authority.
24 Greely Rpt. Memo cited n. 16 ( 2 ) says 24 July.
25 Rad, Greely to War Dept, 27 Jul 42. Dept State 891.20/164 PS/FPJ.
26 Rad 243, Dreyfus to Hull, 28 Jul 42. Dept State 891.20/159 (Sec 1-2).
27 (1) Greely Rpt and Memo cited n. 16(2). Greely's report states that he was relieved of his assignment without further discussion. He was, however, considered by the War Department for return to Iran, as indicated by a memorandum of a conversation, 22 August, between the Messrs. Murray and John D. Jernegan of the Department of State and Brig. Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer, in which the State Department expressed willingness, if the War Department found it impossible to send another officer in his place, to agree to reely's return provided "He should be carefully and precisely instructed as to the limits of his functions." Dept State 891.20/168 PS/FP. (2) Greely's recall from Iran was discussed at the War Department as early as 14 July, when the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, suggested assigning Lt. Gen. George H. Brett as Commanding General, USAFIME, and sending General Maxwell to replace Greely. Memo, Col Douglas V. Johnson for Gen Handy, 14 Jul 42. Russian Mission File, Africa-Middle East Sec, OPD.
28 ( i ) Schwarzkopf's service dated officially from 7 August 1942. Memo, Secy War for President, 9 Jul 46. Abstract PGF 261. (2) Dept State VII-4-C, Iran-Foreign AdvisersU.S. Gendarmerie Mission, Div of Near Eastern Affairs. (3) Ltr, Berle to Dreyfus, 19 Aug 42. Abstract PGF 261.
29 Iran's appeal was addressed to the British; Soviet and American military authorities were appealed to by Iran, but the United States refused to take a position, having no treaty ties with Iran. General Handy ruled that the War Department would follow the British lead on the question since Iran was within the British sphere of strategic operations. The Combined Chiefs of Staff were so informed. Dept State Memo of conversation between Jernegan and Col John E. Upston, Chief, Africa-Middle East Sec, OPD, 15 Aug 42. 200.H 42 (IM-I-S) Iran-Iraq, Vol. I, OPD.
30 (1) Memo of conversation between Jernegan and Col Truman Smith, 13 Aug 42, referred to Gen Handy. Russian Mission File, Africa-Middle East Sec, OPD. (2) Memo, 22 Aug 42, cited n. 27 (1).
32 Rad 220, Hull to Dreyfus, 18 Aug 42. Dept State 891.20/165.
34 Ltr, Stimson to Welles, 3 Sep 42. Dept State 891.20/175-1/2 PS/DAB.
35 (1) Ltr of Instructions, Gen Handy, ACofS, OPD, to Gen Ridley, 24 Sep 42 ; Ltr, dandy to Ridley, 7 Oct 42, sub: Interpretation of Instructions. Abstracts PGF 261. These letters, not rescinded when the Ridley mission later entered into contractual relationship with the Iranian Government, merely became inoperative. (2) Ltr, TAG to CG, USAFIME, 7 Oct 42, sub: Transportation and Administrative Facilities. PGF 261. (3) A letter, Welles to Dreyfus, undated, enclosing a copy of Ridley's Letter of Instructions, stated that Ridley was "not to be regarded as acting under your direction." Abstract PGF 261.
36 (1) Greely Rpt. ( 2 ) Memo cited n. 16 ( 2 ) .
37 Ltr, Ridley to Chief, OPD, 10 Dec 42. Mission Rpt File, Hq, U.S. Military Mission with the Iranian Army, War Office, Tehran.
38 Public Law 722, 1 Oct 42, amending 44 Stat 565, 19 May 26.
40 OPD Memo, Jan 43. Case 53, Sec II, OPD 210.684 Iran.
41 JCS 557, 30 Oct 43, sub: Mil Mission to Persia; and JCS 557/1, 2 Nov 43. Case 67, Sec II, OPD 210.684 Iran.
42 The account of the Army and Gendarmerie Missions is continued in Ch. XXI below.
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