Endnotes for Chapter X
 
1 Memo, G. C. M. for Handy, 9 Aug 43, no sub, WDCSA 381 Super Secret, I. 
 
2 (1) Ibid. (2) Memo, Handy for CofS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Movement of Additional Divs to the Mediterranean, Item 51, Exec 10.
 
3 The Army planners' report was based on shipping estimates furnished by the Planning Division of the Transportation Corps, ASF. See memo, Col Marcus B. Stokes, Jr., Chief Planning Div Transportation Corps, for Gen Handy (Attn: Col G. A. Lincoln), 9 Aug 43, sub: Reinforcement of PRICELESS, incl to memo, Handy for CofS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Movement of Additional Divs to the Mediterranean, Item 51, Exec 10.
 
4 Memo, Handy, ACofS OPD, for CofS, 9 Aug 43, sub: Movement of Additional Divs to the Mediterranean, Item 51, Exec 10.
 
5 Min, 103d mtg JCS, 10 Aug 43.  
 
6 The entries of 10 August 1943 in Stimson's Diary referred to above and his memo of 10 August, on which this discussion is based, are quoted in detail in Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 43538. A copy of ltr, Stimson to President, 10 Aug 43, is also contained in SW files, White House, 38.
 
7  The President had invited Stimson to stay on for the conference with the JCS. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, p. 438.
 
8 Min, mtg held at the White House at 1415 between the President and the JCS, 10 Aug 43, with JCS Memo 97 in ABC 337 (25 May 43).
 
9 Ibid.
 
10 The next day the Chief of Staff forwarded to the President cogent reasons for .justifying an American commander for OVERLORD on the basis of the comparative strength of the forces involved rather than on the number of divisions alone. Marshall assured the-President that the United States would have 3,200 more combat planes, from one to four more combat divisions, and an appreciably greater number of corps and Army supporting troops than the British. At TRIDENT the United States and the United Kingdom had agreed that on the target date the British would provide a minimum of fourteen divisions with a possible increase to eighteen and the United States would provide a total of eighteen and a half divisions. General Marshall told the President that he would see to it that the eighteen and a half divisions were increased to nineteen without further discussion. See memo, CofS for President, 11 Aug 43, sub: Divs for OVERLORD On May 1, 1944, Item 51, Exec 10. This memo, evidently prepared by OPD, is preceded by a notation on OPD stationery, dated 16 August 1943, which states that the memo was dispatched to the President and received by him on 11 August 1943.
 
11 (1) Min, mtg held at White House at 1415 between President and JCS, 10 Aug 43, with JCS Memo 97 in ABC 337 (25 May 43). (2) See also min, sp JCS mtg, 26 Jul 43.
 
12 Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, pp. 43839.  
 
13 See especially: (1) memo, Wedemeyer for Marshall, 8 Jun 43, no sub, Paper 68, Book 10, Exec 8; (2) memo, Lt Col L. J. Lincoln, Actg Chief Combined Subjects Sec OPD, for Col Roberts, OPD, 15 Jun 43, sub: Working Staff To Accompany Planners to the Next Combined Conf, Tab 2 with JPS 189 in ABC 337 (25 May 43): (3) memo, Col Roberts for Rear Adm Bernhard H. Bieri, 26 Jun 43, sub: Proposed Working Staff To Accompany Planners to Next Combined Conf, with JPS 189, "A," in ABC 337 (25 May 43); (4) OPD brief, title: Notes . . . 96th mtg JCS, 27 Jul 43, QUADRANT, memo by JSSC (JCS 422, JCS 422/1, CCS 288), with CCS 288 in ABC 337 (25 May 43) (OPD action officer was GAL (Col G. A. Lincoln)); (5) min, 102d mtg JCS, 9 Aug 43; and (6) min, 103d mtg JCS, 10 Aug 43.
 
14 CCS 300/1, 7 Aug 43, title: Estimate of the Enemy Situation, 1943-44, European-Mediterranean Area,  
 
15 CCS 300, 6 Aug 43, title: Estimate of the Enemy Situation 1943-44, Pacific-Far East.
 
16 (1) Min, 93d mtg JPS, 11 Aug 43. (2) The U.S. planners had come to the conference in advance at the request of the British, but meetings between the two groups of planners did not begin until 13 August. See min, 71st mtg CPS, 13 Aug 43. (3) Min, 94th mtg JPS, 12 Aug 43.
 
17 Among the Washington Army planners attending the QUADRANT Conference were: OPD members Colonels Roberts and Todd, deputies to Gen. Wedemeyer; Lt. Col. L. J. Lincoln to represent the U.S. Army for implementation; Colonel Starbird to appear for the U.S. Army on European Theater of Operations; Colonel Connor to represent the U.S. Army on North African Theater of Operations; and  Col. Vincent J. Esposito to handle logistical matters for the Army relating to troops. Included with those detailed to attend as members of the JWPC teams were: Colonel Bessell of the Senior Team; Colonel McDaniel of the Red. Team; Lt. Col. Harvey H. Fischer of the Rainbow Team; and Colonel Armstrong of the Blue Team. See JCS Memo for Info 91, 4 Aug 43, Paper 7, Item 11, Exec 5. For a list of British and U.S. officers in attendance, see Telephone Directory filed in Annex to ABC 337 (25 May 43).
 
18 For a discussion of British preparations for the conference during the voyage to the United States, see Churchill, Closing the Ring, Ch. 4.
 
19 CCS 303/1, 16 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe. CCS 303/1 contains the JCS statement of views. 
 
20 Min, 104th mtg JCS, 15 Aug 43.
 
21 Min, 108th mtg CCS, 15 Aug 43.  
 
22 (1) Ibid. (2) Min, 106th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43.
 
23 Min, 108th mtg CCS, 15 Aug 43.
 
24 Ibid.  
 
25 Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43.
 
26 (1) For the discussion and acceptance by the JCS of Gen Handy's proposals, see min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (2) For a copy of the complete paper presented by Gen Handy to JCS, see two-page memo (16 Aug 43), no sub, Item 51, Exec 10. The memo begins: "The discussion in the Combined Chiefs of Staff meeting yesterday . . . " (3) For the incorporation of the first portion of Gen Handy's proposals by the JCS in a memo for submission to the CCS, see CCS 303/1, 16 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe, and min,109th mtg CCS, 16 Aug 43.
 
27 (1) Memo, JSSC and JPS for JCS [16 Aug 431, no sub, Item 51, Exec 10. (2) Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (3) Informal memo, G. O. Jr [Col Godwin Ordway, Jr.] for Gen Hull, 16 Aug 43, no sub, Paper 27, Item 11, Exec 5. Arriving in the capital on 16 August, General Handy saw Harry Hopkins that evening and discussed the matter with him. The President's train departed Washington that night for the conference, and General Handy's principal discussion with the President took place on the train the following day. Comments of General Handy written on Draft Manuscript, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944, with covering ltr, 28 Sept 56, OCMH files.
 
28 (1) CCS 303/3, 17 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43.
 
29 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
30 Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 23 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
31 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 23 Aug 43. Both in Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
32 (1) Min, 116th mtg CCS, 24 Aug 43. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43. (3) Min, 108th mtg CCS, 15 Aug 43.
 
33 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime  Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 23 Aug 43. Both in Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
34 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
35 (1) Ibid. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 23 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
36 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 19 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
37 For the outline of Plan RANKIN, see CCS 320, 20 Aug 43, title: "RANKIN." According to General Wedemeyer, General Barker, the senior member of the COSSAC staff, wrote the outline for RANKIN before he left London for consultation with the U.S. War Department and for the conference at Quebec. See memo, A. C. W. for Marshall, no sub, 16 Aug 43, with CCS 320 in ABC 384 NW Europe (20 Aug 43), 1-A.
 
38 Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, QUADRANT, 25 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
39 (1) CCS 320, 20 Aug 48, title: "RANKIN." (2) Min, 115th mtg CCS, 23 Aug 43.
 
40 CCS 320, 20 Aug 43, title: "RANKIN."
 
41 Min, 115th mtg CCs, 23 Aug 43. It is interesting to note that in commenting favorably on RANKIN to General Wedemeyer at Quebec, Colonel Starbird of OPD had taken the position that, as a result of public opinion, a more complete occupation of Germany than that envisaged under RANKIN might be necessary. See memo, Starbird for Wedemeyer, 21 Aug 43, sub: Comments on RANKIN, with CCS 320 in ABC 384 NW Europe (20 Aug 43), 1-A.
 
42 For a discussion of Plan RANKIN, see Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, pp. 79-82, and Pogue, Supreme Command, pp. 104-06.
 
43 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister.
 
44 Ibid.
 
45 The JCS had recommended in their proposals to the CCS the establishment of air bases "as far north as the Rome area, and if feasible, to include the Ancona area." See CCS 303, 9 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe.
 
46 (1) Min, 108th mtg JCS, 19 Aug 48. General Marshall directed that General Handy, ACofS OPD, prepare a proposal for submission to the CCS. (2) The original version of the proposed message submitted by General Handy is evidently contained in "Proposed Message from the Combined Chiefs of Staff to General Eisenhower" [19 Aug 43], Item 51, Exec 10. A pencilled notation on this proposed message indicates that this draft message was "dictated by General Wedemeyer." (3) For the slightly revised version of the proposed message submitted by the JCS to the CCS, see CCS 318/1, 20 Aug 43, title: Sardinia, Fifth Column Activities. (4) For the amendment adding Corsica, suggested by Sir Alan Brooke and included by the CCS in the message sent to General Eisenhower (as FAN 198), see min, 113th mtg CCS, 20 Aug 43.
 
47 For the suggested qualifying phrase by the JCS, see CCS 303, 9 Aug 43, title: Strategic Concept for the Defeat of the Axis in Europe.
 
48 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister.
 
49 (1) Min, 116th mtg CCS, 24 Aug 43. (2) CCS 328/1, 27 Aug 43, title: Dir to General Eisenhower. In a message sent to General Marshall at the beginning of the QUADRANT Conference, General Eisenhower had indicated that up to that point his planning staff, because of other demands upon it, had only sketchily outlined plans for offensive operations against southern France. See msg, Eisenhower to Marshall (action copy OPD), 13 Aug 43, CM-IN 9451.
 
50 See CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister.
 
51 Min, 111th mtg CCS, 18 Aug 43.
 
52 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister.
 
53 Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 85.
 
54 CPS 83, 8 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan. See also Ch. IX, above. .
 
55 Min, 102d mtg JCS, 9 Aug 43.
 
56 Min, 107th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43.
 
57 (1) Ibid. (2) Min, 110th mug CCS, 17 Aug 43. (3) Min, 1st mug CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 19 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book.
 
58 (1) Memo, JPS for JCS, 17 Aug 43, sub: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan (CPS 83), ABC 381 Japan (27 Aug 42), 3. (2) CCS 313, 18 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan.
 
59 CCS 313, 18 .Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan.
 
60 Annex to min. 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
 
61 Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 19 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book. See also min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
 
62 (1) CCS 313/1, 20 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan. (2) CCS 323, 20 Aug 43, title: Air Plan for the Defeat of Japan. (3) Min, 109th mtg JCS, 20 Aug 43. (4) Min, 114th mtg CCS, 21 Aug 43. Arnold presented the Air plan to the JCS on 20 August.
 
63 HABAKKUKS referred to the project, in which Churchill was especially interested, for making an artificial landing field out of reinforced ice. Conceived by a British inventor on Mountbatten's staff, it was designed to be used in the ocean or in the English Channel. Various participants in the Quebec conference have in their memoirs described, in slightly differing versions, an amusing incident that occurred during the discussion of the proposal. As an experiment, a small model was brought into a CCS meeting during the conference and Lord Mountbatten fired at it with a pistol. Hearing the shots, one of the planners sitting outside the conference room is reported to have exclaimed, "My God! They're shooting one another! I wonder whom they've shot!" (1) Arnold, Global Mission, P- 444; (2) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 90-91; (3) Leahy, I Was There, pp. 178-79; and (4) King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, pp. 486-87.
 
64 CCS 319/2 (rev), 27 Aug 43, title: Progress Rpt to the President and Prime Minister.
 
65 Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 90-91.
 
66 (1) Min, 109th mtg JCS, 20 Aug 43. (2) See also, min, sp mtg JCS, 9 Sep 43.
 
67 (1) CCS 301, 9 Aug 43, title: Specific Operations in the Pacific and Far East, 1943-44. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43. (3) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 86-87.
 
68 (1) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43. (2) Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43. 
 
69 See Ch. IX, above.
 
70 CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister.
 
71 (1) Min, 1st mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 19 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book. (2) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 88, 656, 657.
 
72 (1) Min, SP mtg JCS, 26 Jul 43. (2) Min, mtg JCS with President at White House, 10 Aug 43, ABC 337 (25 May- 43).
 
73 (1) Min, 107th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43. (2) CCS 313/1, 20 Aug 43, title: Appreciation and Plan for the Defeat of Japan. (3) Min, 109th mtg JCS, 20 Aug 43. (4) Min, 113th mtg CCS, 20 Aug 43. 
 
74 Min, 113th mtg CCS, 20 Aug 43.
 
75 Min, 110th mtg JCS, 21 Aug 43.
 
76 Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, PP- 360-63.
 
77 (1) CCS 327, 23 Aug 43, title: Operations From India. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 23 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book. (S) CCS 319/5, 24 Aug 43, title: Final Rpt to the President and Prime Minister.
 
78 See Ch. IX, above.
 
79 Min, 98th mtg JCS, 27 Jul 43.
 
80 (1) Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (2) Min,106th mtg JCS, 17 Aug 43. (3) Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43.
 
81 (1) Min, 105th mtg JCS, 16 Aug 43. (2) Min, 116th mtg CCS, 24 Aug 43. (3) Leahy, I Was There, PP- 176-77. (4) Msg. Prime Minister (Quebec) to Deputy Prime Minister, 22 Aug 43, quoted in Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 89-90. See also msg, Prime Minister to Gen Sir Hastings L. Ismay for COS Committee, 24 Jul 43, quoted in Closing the Ring, p. 666.
 
82 Romanus and Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China, Ch. X.
 
83 Stilwell Papers, pp. 218-19.
 
84 Min, 111th mtg CCS, 18 Aug 43.
 
85 CCS 308/3, 21 Aug 43, title: SEAC. 
 
86 (1) Min, 111th mtg JCS, 23 Aug 43. (2) Min, 2d mtg CCS, President, and Prime Minister, 23 Aug 43, Official QUADRANT Conf Book. (3) Min, 116th mtg CCS, 24 Aug 43.
 
87 (1) Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43. (2) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 67-68, 656. Churchill had suggested Wingate to the British Chiefs as commander of all land forces in SEAC. (3) Arnold, Global Mission, p. 442.
 
88 (1) Min, 107th mtg CCS, 14 Aug 43. (2) Min, 110th mtg CCS, 17 Aug 43.
 
89 Min, 107th mtg JCS, 18 Aug 43. 
 
90 Churchill, Closing the Ring, p. 91.
 
91 During the QUADRANT Conference the "standfast" order was revoked and the CCS ordered the Middle East Command to dispatch some landing craft and cargo shipping for Burma operations. Additional releases of Mediterranean shipping followed. See: (1) Churchill, Closing the Ring, pp. 204-05; and (2) Ehrman, Grand Strategy, V, 91-92.


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