l. Lt. Gen. Robert Lee Bullard, Personalities and Reminiscences of the War (New York, 1925), pp. 193 - 194
2. Ltrs TAG to CG Southern Dept Ft Sam Houston, 23 and 26 May 1917, sub: Organizations designated for foreign service (World War Records, First Division, A.E.F., Vol. 1). The documents in each of the 21 volumes, hereafter cited as Records, are bound chronologically.
3. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War (New York, 1931), I, 2 - 3. This message was the genesis of the 40,000-man American division (with corps and army troops), more than twice the size of French, British, or German divisions. In July 1917, Pershing's Opns Sec in France secured formal adoption of this division. Ibid., I, 100 - 101.
The American division, which the French treated as a Corps, said Bullard, was outsize "on account of unsuitable recruiting and replacement plans, [since] it could not be hoped that a command once depleted or reduced below a proper fighting strength could be promptly filled up again" (Personalities, pp. 75 - 76).
4. History of the First Division during the World War, compiled by the Soc of the 1st Div (Philadelphia, 1922), p. 371. Hereafter cited as History.
5. MS, Historical Sketch of the First Division in the World War (214 pp.), p. 16 (1st Div Box 11, 11.4). Hereafter cited as Hist Sketch. Since the narrative of operations in the History and in the Hist Sketch are essentially the same, for convenience the Hist Sketch well be most frequently cited.
6. Hist Sketch, p. 18.
7. Hist Sketch, p. 19.
8. FO 1, 1st Div, 4:00 P.M., 11 Oct (Records l).
9. Warning Notice, Opns Sec. 1st Div. 13 Nov (Records 1); Hist Sketch, p. 28. GO 67, 1st Div. 20 Nov (Records 5), said 14 were killed, 34 wounded, 11 captured.
10. Bullard, Personalities, pp. 95 - 96; Peyton C. March, The Nation at War (New York, 1932), pp. 266 - 268; Ltr, TAG Paris to CG 1st Div 18 Jul 1917, sub: Divisional training (Records 2).
11. Hist Sketch, p. 320.
12. Opns memo 48, 1st Div, 1 Dec (Records 20); GQ 79, 1st Div, 23 Dec (Records 5).
13. Ltr. DGO 1st Div to C of Gas Serv, 31 Dec 1917, sub: Rpt for month of Dec (Records 20). Because they were supernumeraries, GO 79 said BGOs might have duties other than gas officer. Gas NCOs were to have no other duties when in contact with the enemy. Note: Memo, Div Adj 2nd Div. 5 Jan (2nd Div Box 36, 64.6), designated RGOs but no BGOs.
14. Memo 45, 1st Div. 1 Dec 1917, sub: Instruction and training - Gas (Records 20); ltr, DGO to C of Gas Serv, 31 Dec. above.
15. Standing Trench Orders issued by the regiments and battalions in Feb and Mar all refer to the pamphlet, indicating it was available throughout the division.
16. Ltr and atchd synopses of lectures, Ch Gas Off 1st Div to RGOs and BGOs, 3 Dec 1917, sub: Lectures on Gas Defense (Records 20).
17. GO 4, 13 Jan (Records 5).
18. Memo, DGO to GOs, 1st Div. 26 Jun. n.s. (1st Div Box 57, 63.6).
19. 18th Inf WD, 10 Jan (Records 16); Hist Sketch, p. 41. On 28 Feb. Pershing was to report it depressing that after ten months there was but one division "just barely ready" for the field. It was 6 Mar before he thought the 1st Div ready at last to take the offensive (My Experiences, I, 334, 338).
20. Memo, Col. Fox Conner, GS GHQ AEF for CofS GHQ AEF, 19 Jan, sub: First Div (Records 1); FO 4, 1st Div. 5 Feb (Records l).
21. Entries in 28th Inf WD, 22 Jan - 5 Feb (Records 17); ltr, RGO, 18th Inf to DGO, 30 Jan, sub: Rpt on Regtl Gas Activities (Records 13).
22. Lt. A. B. Butler (Actg Adj, later Opns O 1st FA Brig, and finally ADC to Gen. Summerall), Jnl of Opns, 12 Jan (Records 11). Hereafter cited as ADC Jnl Opns. FO 1, 1st Div. 14 Jan, par 5(b) (Records l). The same par in FO 8, 30 Mar, read: "march at quick and double time and work with their masks on" See also Misc Memo, 1st Div. 17 Jan, sub: Mustard Gas (Records 6).
23. ADC Jnl Opns, 16 Jan.
24. Bullard, Personalities, p. 136.
25. Instru 2 and 4, 1st Div. 26 and 31 Jan, sub: Gas Defense (Records 1).
26. Daily Operations Report (DOR), 1st Div. 30 - 31 Jan (Records 12); Memo 6, 1st Brig, 28 Jan (Records 7).
27. AEF Pamph 253, pp. 2, 13 (GHQ AEF Box 1727, fol D); Instru 4, 1st
Div. 7 Feb. sub: Def Measures against Gas (suppl'g Reg. No. 253 [revised]
GHQ AEF, 30 Nov 1917) (Records l).
The organization of alternate battery emplacements had been the subject
of Memo 21, 1st FA Brig, 23 Jan (Records 9), but may not have been
acted on at once. The memo is noted in ADC Jnl Opns, 23 Jan.
28. G - 1 memo, 1st Div. 6 Feb (Records 6).
29. Instru 1, 5 Feb. sub: General Instructions (Records 1); Hist Sketch, p. 39; cf. ADC Jnl Opns, 13 Jan.
30. Ltr, RGO 18th Inf to C of Gas Serv, 4 Feb. sub: Rpt of Shell Atk (GAF1st Div). This is the first gas atk reported by Spencer, "History of Gas Attacks upon the AEF during the World War," I, 1 - 2 (CMLHO).
31. ADC Jnl Opns, 2 - 7 Feb; ltr, RGO 6th FA to C of Gas Serv, 10 Feb. sub: Mustard Gas Casualties (GAF1st Div); Memo 38, 1st FA Brig, 7 Feb (Records 9); Spencer, I, 30
32. The 259th Regt, 78th Res Div. was in the trenches opposite the 1st Div. The 78th Res was relieved by the 40th Div on 28 - 29 Mar, according to Daily Intelligence Summary (SOI) that date (Records 4).
33. SOI and DOR, 20 - 21 Feb.
34. Hanslian, "Gasangriffe an der Amerikanischen Front," pp. 67 - 68 (CMLHO); 78th Res Div WD, 25 Feb (World War Records, First Division, German Documents, Vol. I). Unless otherwise noted, all references to German documents will be to this volume. See also ltr, RGO 5th FA to C of Gas Serv, 27 Feb. sub: Gas shell bombardment (GAF-1st Div); ADC Jnl Opns, 25 Feb. said the shells fell near btys #203 and #18 - "no harm done."
35. Hist Sk, p. 42; quote in ADC Jnl Opns, 27 Feb.
36. Arko 78 WD, 17 Feb; 78th Res Div Order [for Einladung], 22 Feb; 78th Res Inf Brig Order, 25 Feb.
37. SOI and DOR, 25 - 26 Feb. These "trench mortar projectors" were the German version of the British Livens Projector, first used in a gas attack in April 1917. The German projector reached the field that December.
38. Ltr, CG 1st Div to CG XXXII Corps, 27 Feb. sub: Gas Attack (Records 12).
39. Eight hundred of the standard 18-cm minenwerfer bombs, with 16.49 pounds of phosgene each, would total 6.6 tons, not 14.
40. Hanslian, pp. 8 - 16; 78th Res Div WD&A records; Spencer, I, 6 - 23. A month later SOI and DOR, 20 - 21 Mar, quoted a prisoner as saying that 900 projectors had been fired, about half of which fell in their own lines, keeping them out for two days. If true, this would explain the difference between Bullard's and Hanslian's shell counts.
41. 78th Res Div WD, 26 - 27 Feb.
42. SOI, 25 - 26 Feb; ltr, CO 3rd Bn Inf to CO18th Inf, 26 Feb, sub: TM Gas Shell Barrage (Records 13).
43. 1st Brig WD, 26 Feb (Records 16); DOR, 25 - 26 Feb.
44. Ltr, CG 1st Div. 27 Feb. above, and ltr, BGO MG Bn 1st Brig to CO 1st Brig, 28 Feb (Records 15).
45. MS. Hist of Med Dept, 1st Div. 14 Jan 1920 (Med Dept Box 3398, fol 1). The error is perpetuated in Medical Department of the U.S.A. in the World War, vol. III, Field Operations (Washington, 1925), p. 294.
46. Ltr, Lt. Col. H. G. Shaw to Ch Surg AEF and Ch Surg 1st Fr Army, 1 Mar, sub: Gas Attack (Med Dept Box 3398, fol 8).
47. Ltr, CO3rd Bn to CO 18th Inf, 27 Feb. sub: Suppl Rpt on TM Bombardment in Center F (Records 13 and 1st Div Box 76, 33.6). Note: They may be typographical errors but Lecture 4 in the lectures on gas defense (Records 20) specifically said that both food and water exposed to cloud attack gases might be used.
48. G - 3 Instru 18, 1st Div. 28 Feb. sub: Gas Defense (Records 1).
49. Doc 98, Hq 16th Inf (1st Div Box 70, 32.15).
50. SOI and DOR, 20 - 21 Mar, quoted a prisoner as saying that in digging out the misfires, a blind shell exploded, killing 10 and wounding 30. 78th Res Div and 78th Res Brig war Diaries, 3 Mar (sources a and k, German Documents), report 12 killed, 26 wounded and 7 killed, 30 wounded, respectively, as a result of the exploding shell.
51. DOR, 3 - 18 Mar, ADC Jnl Opns, 28 Feb, 19 Mar; telg, Col King CofS 1st Div to Col. Conner G - 3 GHQ AEF, 9 A. M., 9 Mar (Records 12); 78 Res Div WD, 9 Mar.
52. Hist Sketch, p. 44.
53. SOI & DOR, 28 Feb - 1 Mar; ltr, RGO 6th FA to CofGas Serv, 2 Mar, sub: Gas shell bombardment (GAF - 1st Div); ADC Jnl Opns, 1 Mar; Spencer I, 24.
54. 259th Res Regt, Rpt to 78th Res Brig, 1 Mar, sub: Einladung raid; 78th Res Div. Rpt to Hq 38th Res Corps, 3 Mar (78th Res Div WD&A). Almost 100 pages of data are given to this raid in the German Documents.
55. SOI, 3 - 4 Mar; ADC Jnl Opns, 3 & 4 Mar. Lt. Butler reported the great humiliation of the division in the eyes of the French, of General Pershing who had come especially to see the raid, and indeed in "the eyes of the whole world."
56. 78th Res Div WD, 4 Mar; 78th Res Brig WD, 4 Mar (source d).
57. There is evidence that 5,973 gas shells were fired in the 4 Mar preparation. See ltr, CG 1st FA Brig to CG 1st Div, 12 Mar, sub: Rpt upon Opns…11 Mar; rpt, Special Shells fired…Jan - Nov 1918, sub: Offensive Use of Gas by 1st FA Brig (Records 14).
58. SOI, 7 - 8 Mar; 78th Res Div WD, 7 and 8 Mar; Hanslian, p. 69.
59. Ltr, RGO 5th FA to the C of Gas Serv, 8 Mar, sub: Gas shell bombardment; ltr, RGO 7th FA, 9 Mar (GAF-lst Div); ADC Jnl Opns, 7 and 8 Mar; Spencer, I, 25 - 28. Note: Since hospital admission lists for this period have not survived, daily casualties cannot be checked. Data in the Analysis indicate many more gas and wound casualties than are revealed by the records used in the narrative.
60. Instru 20, 1st Div, 7 Mar, sub: Anti-gas equipment (Records 1).
61. Rpt on opn at Cantigny, VIII Gp, 177th Fr Trench arty, 2 Jan (Records 14.) The Appareil Respiratoire Speciale or ARS mask was a late development by the French. It was comfortable to wear but complicated to make and was in short supply.
62. Hist Sketch, p. 48.
63. 78th Res Div WD, 10 Mar; Hanslian, p. 70.
64. Ltr, RGO 6th FA to C of Gas Serv, 11 Mar, sub: Gas shell bombardment (GAF-lst Div); Spencer, I, 29.
65. Ltr, RGO 7th FA to C of Gas Serv, 12 Mar, subs Enemy gas shell bombardment (GAF-lst Div); Spencer, I, 30; 78th Res Div. Morning rpt. 12 Mar (item 5~6); 78th Res Div ED, 11 Mar.
66. SOI, 10 - 11 Mar; ltr, CG 1st FA Brig to CG 1st Div. 12 Mar, sub: Rpt upon Opns...during raids executed Mar 11 (Records 14); ADC Jnl Opns, 11 Mar.
67. 78th Res Inf Brig, Advance Rpt, 11 A.M., 11 Mar (item 528); 78th Res Div. Evening rpt, 11 Mar (item 538); 78th Res Div. Morn rpt, 12 Mar (item 546); 78th Res Div WD, 11 Mar.
68. Rpt, Spec Shells fired by 1st FA Brig, Jan - Nov 1918, n.d. (Records 14). The 2,066 gas shells comprised 990 155-mm and 80 75-mm shells fired by the brigade and 996 75-mm shells fired by the atchd French artillery. The 2,345 gas shells comprised 992 155-mm, 357 75-mm, and 996 75-mm shells.
69. Arko 78 WD, 15 - 17 Mar; SOI and DOR, 18 - 20 Mar; ADC Jnl Opns, 21 Mar.
70. SOI and DOR, 23 - 24 Mar; ltr, King CofS 1st Div to Conner 9 A.M., 25 Mar (Records 12). Neither the gas balloons nor gas bombs seem to have caused any casualties.
71. Hanslian, pp. 71 - 72, says they began on 21 March. 78th Res Div records show only that on 22 Mar "our btys shelled...the dugouts at the southeast exit of Seicheprey with 350 rounds of yellow cross," and on 23 Mar "we shelled dugouts in Seicheprey with yellow cross."
72. Instru 15, 1st Div. 27 Feb. sub: Provision for all alerts; Instru 23, 14 Mar, sub: Orders in case of Corps Alert (Records 1).
73. My Experiences, I, 353 - 356, 364 - 365.
74. FO 6, 1st Div. 28 Mar; FO 8, 1st Div. 30 Mar; Hist Sketch, p. 51.
75. Ltrs, DGO 1st Div to CGO I Corps, 25 Mar and 31 Mar, sub: Weekly Narrative Rpt (GAF-lst Div).
76. DOR and SOI, 21 - 26 Mar; cf. Spencer, I, 34.
77. Ltr and inds, CO 28th Inf to CG 1st Div, 23 Mar, sub: Gas Shells (Records 13); DOR, 22 - 23 Mar; ADC Jnl Opns, 22 Mar, reports the gas retaliation that night, not 23 Mar.
78. Rpt, Spec Shells fired by 1st FA Brig, Jan - Nov 1918 (Records 14).
79. GO 25, First Army, 15 Oct (89th Div Box 148), defined a major mustard bombardment as "2,000 or more 75 caliber shell, or equivalent quantities of mustard gas in other calibers. No similar definition has been found for non-persistent gas bombardments. A total of 10,000 gas shells is arbitrarily assumed to be a major non-persistent gas attack.
80. Ltr, RGO 6th FA, to C of Gas Serv, 29 Mar, sub: Gas shell bombardment (GAF-lst Div); ADC Jnl Opns, 29 Mar; ltr, CO 1st Bn 6th FA to CO 6th FA, 28 - 29 Mar, sub: Rpt of action night of Mar 28 (1st Div Box 101, 33.6).
81. Ltrs, RGO 7th FA, RGO 26th Inf to C of Gas Serv, 29 Mar (GAF-lst Div); Spencer, I, 35 - 38; SOI and DOR, 28 - 29 Mar, reported 2 officers and 11 men gassed.
82. Hanslian, pp. 73 - 74. 78th Res Div WD, 28 Mar, said the second part of the gas fire was postponed on account of storm and rain.
83. Ltr, DGO to CGO I Corps, 31 Mar, sub: Weekly Narr Rpt (GAF-lst Div).
84. Hanslian, p. 75; 78th Res Div WD, 31 Mar.
85. DOR, 31 Mar - 1 Apr; msg. King CofS to Conner, 9 A.M., 1 Apr (Records 12).
86. Ltrs, RGO 6th FA, RGO 7th FA to C of Gas Serv, 1 Apr. sub: Enemy gas shell bombardment (GAF-lst Div and Records 14).
87. ADC Jnl Opns, 1 Apr.
88. Ltr, DGO to CGO I Corps, 11 Apr. sub: Narr Rpt, Week ending 6 Apr (GAF-lst Div), Spencer, I, 39. The 1st FA Brig did not agree on the discipline. See Memo 93, 1st FA Brig, 30 Mar (Records 9).
89. Msg. King to Conner, 2 Apr (Records 12).
90. Opns memo 10, 26th Inf, 27 Mar (Records 10); CWS NSI, 10 Apr. Cf. Service Note, 2nd FA Brig, 3 Apr (2nd Div Box 84) on the introduction in March of blue cross shell "with one-quarter of its charge of solidified arsine that is pulverized on burst" and green cross - 2 shell, triple-charged with "superpalite, oxychloride of carbon, and chloride of diphenylarsine (trichlormethyl chloroformate)."
91. Maj. Gen. C. H. Foulkes, "Gas!" The Story of the Special Brigade (Edinburgh, 1934), pp. 248 - 49, 328.
92. See appendices to SOI 55 and 58, 1st Div. 20 - 21 and 23 - 24 Jun (Records 4).
93. SOI 5, 6, and 29, 1 - 2, 2 - 3, 25 - 26 May.
94. SOI 43, 8 - 9 Jun.
95. Compiled from DOR, 1st Div. 4 Feb - 2 Apr (Records 12). Memo, BMO 1st FA Brig, 27 Feb 1919, sub: Ammo expended by 1st FA Brig shows 93,636 75-mm and 26,227 155-mm shells fired between 23 Jan - 4 Apr. a total of 119,863. A detailed breakdown of this total appears in 1st FA Brig Ammo Rpt, 23 Jan - 11 Nov. Gas shells are reported in Rpt, Special Shells...(all in Records 14).
96. DOR, 2 Feb - 2 Apr. Beginning 12 Feb, G - 2 reported 7,035 shells that month, 21,957 in Mar and early Apr. Lt Butler's frequent but incomplete shell counts in his journal agree with G - 3 rather than a - 2 data.
97. Narrative, pp. 22, 30, 32, 37, 43 - 44.
98. History, p. 64, page 337 shows another total of 553.
99. For the gun bursts, see ADC Jnl Opns, 27 Feb and passim.
100. Ltr Capt A. H. Bengs, DGO 1st Div to C CWS, 27 Jan 1919, sub: Rpt on Circ Ltr No. 89 (GAF-lst Div).
101. Pp. 13, 18, 23, 28, 31, 33, 39, 43 - 44, 45 - 46.
102. Rpt, Non-effectives and deaths from gas attacks on 1st Div (GAF-lst Corps). Note: The division gas hospital was set up at Menil la Tour on 17 Jan, but no lists of daily admissions are to be found in Med Dept or Surg Gen records until 30 Apr.
103. Both sets of figures appear in MS. Hist of Med Dept, 1st Div. 14 Jan 1920, pp. 3, 4 (Medical Dept Box 3398, fol 1).
104. 78th Res Div WD, 31 Mar.
105. Narrative, p. 20.
106. Memo, 1st FA Brig, 18 Mar, sub: Arty Ammo (Records 9).
107. Personalities, p. 159; DOR, 28 - 29 Mar.
108. Cf. memos cited in the narrative; ltr, Asst DGO to CG 1st FA Brig, 21 Mar, sub: Defensive measures against mustard gas (1st Div Box 57, 63.32); memo 90, 1st FA Brig 21 Mar (Records 9); ltr, CG 1st FA Brig to CG 1st Div. 24 Mar, sub: Rpt on TM Positions (Records 14).
109. Instru on Offensive Action of Large Units in Battle, 31 0ct 1917, pp. 167 - 168 (GHQ AEF G - 5 Schools Box 1727).
110. CWS Weekly Summary of Information (hereafter CWS WSI), 24 Apr. 5 Jun. 12 Jun. 31 Jul (WD Hist Box 289); Div Info Bulletin, 24 Jun (2nd Div Box 106); Extracts from a German Document, n.d. (89th Div Box 20, 33.21).
111. CWS WSI, 27 Mar, 4 Apr.
112. CWS WSI, 10 Apr.
113. French Tenth Army Bulletin, 21 Sep. sub: Methods and Conditions of German Gas-Shell Firing (1st Army Box 26, 22.31, fol 4).