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Chapter VI, The Medical Department: Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations 1 For general ROUNDUP planning, see Harrison, Cross-Channel, pp. 5-8 and 21-23; Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:175-76; Larkey "Hist," ch. 2, pp. 5759. For Spruit's role, see Hawley's recommendation for award, in file HD 024 ETO CS (Hawley Chron), April June 1944. 2 For the ROUNDUP plan, see Harrison, Cross-Channel, pp. 22-23 and 54-55. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:328-30, discusses early U.S. experiments with the logistics of amphibious assault. At Dieppe, Canadian forces-the bulk of the assault group-suffered 3,367 casualties out of 4,963 troops engaged. Of the 1,154 wounded, the withdrawing Canadians had to leave 568 behind as prisoners. See C. F. Stacey, Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain, and the Pacific, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, 1955), pp. 384-89. 3 Larkey "Hist," ch. 2, pp. 56-58. For memoranda detailing the reasoning behind these decisions, see file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Spruit File re Policy); Recommendations of a Sub-Committee held in . . . the Admiralty, London, 16 Jul 42, in EvacCorresp, 1942-45, file HD 024 ETO; F. A. E. Crew, The Army Medical Services (hereafter cited as AMS), History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Medical Series, 5 vols. (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1956-66), vol. 4, Campaigns: North-West Europe (1962), pp. 45-49. 4 Larkey "Hist," ch. 2, pp. 68-72; Miscellaneous SPOBS/ROUNDUP Papers file, CMH. 5 An account of this incident, with documents, is in Larkey "Hist," ch. 4, pp. 2-6 and apps. 2 and 3. 6 Harrison, Cross-Channel, pp. 31-32; Larkey "Hiss," ch. 2, p. 73; Memo, CG, SOS, to ACofS, G-4, and CsofSupSvcs, SOS, 1 Apr 43, sub: Administrative Planning, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Spruit File re Policy). 7 This account of the OVERLORD plan and its evolution is based on Harrison, Cross-Channel, pp. 4759, 63-79, 98-127, 158-73; text of the outline plan is in Appendix A. 8 For medical section activities, see Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, June 1943-May 1944; Interv, Medical History Branch, CMH, with Maj. Gen. T. J. Hartford, MC, USA (Ret.) (hereafter cited as Hartford Interv), 7-8 Oct 80, tape 1, side l, CMH; Davis Interv, 19 Jun 45, box 222, RG 112, NARA. 9 The SOS underwent formal redesignation as Communications Zone, ETOUSA, in GO No. 60, HQ ETOUSA, 7 Jun 44, but the term came into increasing use from the end of February, even on SOS letterheads. COMZ will be used in this chapter in discussing logistical and medical planning, but SOS will be used in reference to operations until the narrative reaches the actual activation of COMZ. For a description of the convoluted logistics command system, see Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:203-15 and 219-27. See also First U.S. Army Report of Operations, 20 Oct 43-1 Aug 44, bk. 1, pp. 25-27; HQ Forward Echelon, COMZ, ETOUSA, Communications Zone Plan (hereafter cited as FECOMZ Plan), 14 May 44, pp. 2-5, file HD 370 ETO. 10 An. 9, COMZ Medical Plan (hereafter cited as An. 9-Medical), p. 1, to FECOMZ Plan, 14 May 44, file HD 370 ETO; An. 8-Medical, p. 4, to HQ ADSEC, COMZ, NEPTUNE Operation Plan D to D+41 (hereafter cited as ADSEC Plan), 30 Apr 44, file HD 370 ETO; Surg, ADSEC, COMZ, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 1-5; Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, pp. 5-9; Personnel Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 12. 11 OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Standard Operating Procedure for Medical Service in Continental Operations (hereafter cited as O/CS Continental SOP), 4 Apr 44, file 370.02. For activities of Hawley's office, see annual reports of the Operations Division-especially Planning Branch, Evacuation Branch, Medical Intelligence Branch, Statistics and Requirements Branch-and of the Hospitalization Division for 1944, as well as Middleton Interv, 1968-69, vol. 1, p. 218, NLM. On Kenner's activities, see Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, FebruaryMay 1944. On Gorby, see 12th Army Group Report of Operations, vol. XIII (Medical Section), p. 7. 12 For general contact between the theaters, see Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:331-35; Wiltse, Mediterranean, pp. 120-21, 142-43, 147-50, 223-26, and 267-68; 2d Lt Glen Clift, MAC, "Field Operations of the Medical Department in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, U.S. Army" (Office of the Surgeon, MTOUSA, 1945), pp. 146-74, file HD 314.7-2, which reproduces the Fifth Army manual; Hartford Interv, 7-8 Oct 80, tape 1, side 1, CMH; Memo, Col J. K. Davis, MC, to CMedOff, SHAEF, sub: Abstract of Report on Visit to AFHQ in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, April 1944; HQ ADSEC, Operations History of the Advance Section, COMZ, ETOUSA . . . , August 1945 (hereafter cited as ADSEC Hist), p. 4; Hospitalization Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 2-3. 13 For chronology of planning, see Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:215-16 and 269; First U.S. Army Report of Operations, 23 Oct 43-1 Aug 44, bk. VII, p. 62; Surg, VII Corps, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 12; ADSEC Hist, pp. 13-14 and 23; Surg, ADSEC, COMZ, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 1-6, 13, 15, 25, 31; Capt G. B. Dowling, MC, USN, Special Report to the Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, USN, of U.S. Naval Medicine Service in the Invasion of Normandy . . . (hereafter cited as Normandy Rpt), 11 Jan 45, pp. 2-4, which gives the Navy view of medical planning. 14 Unless otherwise noted, the following discussion is based on An. 6, Medical Plan (hereafter cited as An. 6-Medical), to First U.S. Army Operations Plan, Operation NEPTUNE (hereafter cited as FUSA Plan), 25 Feb 44; An. 8-Medical to ADSEC Plan, 30 Apr 44; and An. 9-Medical to FECOMZ Plan, 14 May 44. All in file HD 370 ETO. See also O/CS Continental SOP, 4 Apr 44, file 370.02. Additional sources are cited where appropriate. 15 For the assault plan, see First U.S. Army Report of Operations, 20 Oct 43-1 Aug 44, bk. 1, p. 26; Harrison, Cross-Channel, pp. 174-97; and Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:178, 269-70, 282-85, 324-44. Each engineer special brigade employed in NEPTUNE consisted of 1 medical and 3 engineer battalions, a DUKW battalion, and various small signal, military police, and quartermaster elements. The brigade group on OMAHA also included the 11th Port, to operate the MULBERRY artificial harbor. Special brigades could break down into battalion- or company-size composite beach groups to support regimental or battalion combat teams. The Western Naval Task Force, also designated by the U.S. Navy as Task Force 122, was the U.S. component of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force, the overall naval command under SHAEF. 16 Quotations from MFR, Medical Section, SHAEF, sub: Meeting Held 26 Feb 44 in Gen Kenner's Office re Casualty Estimates for Operation OVERLORD, in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, February 1944. See also VII Corps NEPTUNE Assault Plan and Medical Plan (hereafter cited as VII Corps Medical Plan), which gives corpslevel casualty estimates using the SHAEF formula, encl. 1 to Surg, VII Corps, Annual Rpt, 1944; bowling, Normandy Rpt, 11 Jan 45, p. 9. The OMAHA and UTAH assault forces included about 60,000 men, with an assault-loaded follow-up of 26,500 for OMAHA and further preloaded buildup of 43,500 for both beaches. See Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:298. 17 Msg, Marshall to Gen Devers, 30 Oct 43, in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, February 1944. 18 Hawley Planning Directive No. 11, 21 Jul 43, box 2, Hawley Papers, MHI; Extract from Record of Meeting of Principal Staff Officers Held on 16 Jul 43, 20 Jul 43, in Medical Division, COSSAC/ SHAEF, War Diary, February 1944; COSSAC Admin Instruction No. 8, 22 Dec 43, in ibid., December 1943; Memo, Kenner to ACofS, G-4, SHAEF, 25 Apr 44, sub: Casualty Lift of Converted LSTs, in ibid., April 1944. See also diary entries and correspondence for September and November 1943 and March 1944. On LST technical details, see Davis Interv, 19 Jun 45, pp. 2-3, box 222, RG 112, NARA; Crew, AMS, Campaigns: North-West Europe, 4:49-52; and Dowling, Normandy Rpt, 11 Jan 45, pp. 4-5, E-8, E-9, E-13. On LST surgeons, see Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, pp. 30-31, and correspondence in file HD 705 ETO (Medical Care on LSTs, 1944). 19 Hood words as quoted in MFR, Col Cutler, 28 Feb 44, sub: Visit and Inspection of an LST at Portsmouth . . . , 21 Feb 44, file HD 705 ETO (Medical Care on LSTs 1944). Cutler quotation from Carter, ed., Surgical Consultants, 2:184. Kenner quotation from his memorandum of 6 Mar 44, in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, March 1944; see also other entries and documents for this month. Crew, AMS, Campaigns: North-West Europe, 4:52-55, recounts Hood's appeal to the War Cabinet. See also Hartford Interv, 7-8 Oct 80, tape 1, side 1, CMH, and Davis Interv, 19 Jun 45, box 222, RG 112, NARA. 20 Ltr, Kenner to Lt Gen Sir Humphrey Gale, 29 Feb 44, in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, February 1944. 21 VII Corps Medical Plan, encl. 1 to Surg, VII Corps, Annual Rpt, 1944; Surg, 1st Infantry Division, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 8; Dowling, Normandy Rpt, 11 Jan 45, p. 8; Surg, 82d Airborne Division, Annual Rpt, 1944, an. 1; Surg, 101st Airborne Division, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 1-2; Editorial Advisory Board, 1962, pp. 70-71, 100-101, 112. 22 In addition to the basic plans previously cited, see Surg, VII Corps, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 3-4 and 6-7. Memo, Surg, FECOMZ, to G-4, FECOMZ, 6 Apr 44, file HD 370 (HQ ADSEC Plans and Corresp, 1944); Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 4. 23 First U.S. Army Report of Operations, 20 Oct 43-1 Aug 44, bk. VII, pp. 74-75; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. IV, pp. 5-6, and sec. VI, pp. 5 and 7-8; Planning Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 8-9; Interv, OSG with Col B. C. T. Fenton, MC, 7 Jun 45, box 222, RG 112, NARA. 24 Memo, Kenner to ACofS, G-4, SHAEF, 13 Apr 44; see also Mins, Conference of Gen Kenner with Brig Gen Grow, I1 Apr 44. Both in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, April 1944. For a definition of nontransportables, see Ltr, Col E. C. Cutler to Lt Col Crisler, 16 Apr 44, box 3, Hawley Papers, MHI. See also Memo, Col F. H. Mowrey to Movements Division, Office of CofTrans, ETO, 29 May 44, EvacCorresp, 1942-45, file HD 024 ETO. 25 For medical intelligence, see Medical Intelligence Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 2-3, and Ltr, Hawley to TSG, 29 May 44, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). See also Cir Ltr No. 53, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, 8 Apr 44, sub: Improvement of Nutrition of Combat Troops, in Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 17. 26 First quotation from An. 6-Medical to FUSA Plan, 25 Feb 44, file HD 370 ETO. Second quotation from Cir No. 49, HQ ETO, 2 May 44, in Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 19. See also Preventive Medicine Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 44-45; Middleton Interv, 1968-69, vol. 1, pp. 236-38, NLM. For North African and Italian experience, see Wiltse, Mediterranean, pp. 215, 257-58, 354. 27 For the motion sickness preventive, see Medical Consultation Service sec., Professional Services Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 15 and apps. J, K, and L; and Planning Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, encl. 6. For antigas precautions, see Gas Casualty Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, and Memo, Col. C. B. Spruit to G-2/G-3, FECOMZ, 23 Mar 44, file HD 370 (HQADSEC Plans and Corresp, 1944). 28 For development of the concepts of shock and transfusion, see Douglas B. Kendrick, Blood Program in World War II, Medical Department, United States Army in World War 11 (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1964), pp. ix, 15-17, 30-60, 459, 469-500, 508-12. For development of the ETO blood bank, see file 742 ETO General File (Blood Program). See also Professional Services Division, OofCSurg, HQ, ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1943, p. 8; James B. Mason, "Planning for the ETO Blood Bank," The Military Surgeon 102 (June 1948): 460-68; O/CS Continental SOP, 4 Apr 44, pp. 29-32, file HD 370.02. PROCO was an Army Service Forces system for tailoring equipment for particular tasks not covered by ordinary unit allowances or T/E. See Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:260-61. 29 See file 742 ETO General File (Blood Program); Professional Services Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 5-6. Hawley Interv, 1962, pp. 43-44, CMH, recalls the disbelief with-which the ETO surgeons greeted initial reports on blood use in Italy. For the policies of the Office of the Surgeon General, see Kendrick, Blood Program, pp. 476-84, 524-26, 530; Editorial Advisory Board, 1962, pp. 108-09; and Memo, Lt Col B. N. Carter to Gen Hillman, 28 Oct 43, sub: ETMD, ETO, and Ltr, Carter to Col E. C. Cutler, 4 Nov 43, both in file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). 30 ETO, Manual of Therapy, 5 May 44, file Manual of Therapy, ETO, box 405, RG 112, NARA. For comparison, see War Department Technical Manual 8-210, Guides to Therapy for Medical Officers, 20 Mar 42. For the 15 May 44 circular, see Canter, ed., Surgical Consultants, 2:168-73 and app. B, p. 963. See also Hawley Interv, 1962, pp. 57-61, CMH; Ltrs, Col E. C. Cutler to Lt Col N. B. Carter, 5 Oct and 15 Nov 43, and Carter to Cutler, 30 Sep and 26 Oct 43, in file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). 31 Hospitalization Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpts, 1943, pp. 3-5, and 1944, pp. 5-6; 12th Evacuation Hospital Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 1-4; Spruit Diary, 7 Jul 43. See also Memo, Hospitalization Division to CSurg, ETO, 22 Jan 43; Memos, Hospitalization Division to DepCSurg (Cheltenham), 24 and 30 Jun 43; and Memo, Col J. R. Darnall to DepCSurg (Cheltenham), 8 Jul 43. All in HospDivGenCorresp, 1943, file HD 312 ETO. 32 "Med Svc Hist, 1942-43," pp. 55-58, file HD 314.7-2 ETO; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. 1, p. 1. High hopes for Colonel Perry are expressed in Ltrs, Col F. C. Tyng, MC, to Hawley, 21 Jan 43, and Hawley to Tyng, 3 Mar 43, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). See also Col T. S. Voorhees, "Resume of Trip to Survey Medical Supplies in ETO" (hereafter cited as "Resume"), 12 Apr 44, in Survey of the Medical Supply Situation in the ETO (hereafter cited as ETO Supply Survey), January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO. 33 At this time no standard T/O existed for the type of large, permanent depot established in the ETO. The field depot companies did not fit most depots and often had to be broken up between two or more installations. See "Med Svc Hist, 1942-43," pp. 55-56, file HD 314.7-2 ETO; Memo, Col T. S. Voorhees, H. C. Hangen, Col B. C. T. Fenton, and Lt Col L. H. Beers to TSG, 16 Feb 44, sub: Progress Report (hereafter cited as Progress Report, 16 Feb 44), and Voorhees, Fenton, Beers, and Hangen, Outline of Presentation to General Hawley of Supply Division Recommendations (hereafter cited as Outline Presentation), 7 Feb 44, both in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Interv, ETO with Lt Col Robert R. Kelley, MC (hereafter cited as Kelley Interv), 27 Jan 45, box 221, RG 112, NARA. 34 As quoted in Wiltse, ed., Medical Supply, p. 274.ETOSee also Progress Report, 16 Feb 44, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333ETO; Kelley Interv, 27 Jan 45, box 221, RG 112, NARA; Memo, Hawley to DepCSurg (Cheltenham), 22 Sep 43, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Spruit Policy Notebook). In latter file Cir Ltr No. 54 (Supply No. 6), OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, 9 Apr 43, sub: Supply Policies and Procedures, ETO, outlines the prescribed-but often not followed-procedures. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:152-59, describes the organization, procedures, and problems of U.S. depots in Great Britain. The medical service had many difficulties in common with the other supply services. 35 "Med Svc Hist, 1942-43," pp. 58-59, file HD 314.7-2 ETO. For typical complaints, see Ltrs, Hawley to TSG, 7 Dec 43; Hawley to Col S. B. Hays, MC, 7 Feb 44; and Hawley to Rankin, 16 Feb 44. All in file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). 36 Memo, Col T. S. Voorhees to TSG, 17 Mar 44, sub: Report as to Splitting Up of Hospital Assemblies in Shipment From the U.S. to the ETO, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; "Med Svc Hist, 1942-43," p. 58, file HD 314.7-2 ETO; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. IV, pp. 1-4, sec. V, p. 1, and sec. VI, p. 2; Ltr, Tyng to Hawley, 21 Jan 43, and other 1943 letters, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:132-46, describes the complex problems of shipping and marking ETO-bound supplies of all kinds. 37 Memo, Col T. S. Voorhees to TSG, 14 Mar 44, sub: British Procurement, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Ltr, Hawley to TSG, 14 Oct 43, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). For statistics on British procurement, see Wiltse, ed., Medical Supply, p. 270, and Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:256-57. See also Carter, ed., Surgical Consultants, 2:36-37. For the tank problem, see Senior Consultant in Anesthesiology sec., Professional Services Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1943; Mins, 18th Meeting of Base Section Surgeons, 27 Mar 44, p. 10, file HD 337; Editorial Advisory Board, 1962, p. 48; and Col T. S. Voorhees, "A Lawyer Among Army Doctors" (Fort Detrick, Md.: Historical Unit, U.S. Army Medical Department, n.d.), pp. 92-94. 38 Ltrs, Hawley to TSG, 10 Aug and 17 Sep 43; Memo, Edward Reynolds to TSG, 24 Aug 43, sub: Letter From Gen Hawley . . . ; Ltr, TSG to Hawley, 24 Aug 43; Memo, Reynolds to TSG, 18 Nov 43, sub: Data for Reply to General Hawley's Letter. . . . All in file HD 024 ETO O/CS (HawleySGO Corresp). See also Voorhees, "Resume," 12 Apr 44, pp. 4-5, and Memo, Col T. S. Voorhees to CSurg, ETO, 18 Mar 44, sub: Report as to British Procurement, both in ETO Supply Survey, JanuaryMarch 1944, file HD 333 ETO. 39 Quotation from Ltr, Hawley to TSG, 7 Dec 43, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). In same file, see other letters for late 1943 and early 1944. See also Hawley Interv, 1962, p. 36, CMH; Hawley Operational Directive No. 40, 13 Sep 43, box 2, Hawley Papers, MHI; file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Spruit Policy Notebook); "Med Svc Hist, 1942-43," p. 58, file 314.7-2 ETO; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. IV, pp. 1-2, and sec. VI, p. 3; Mins, 15th Meeting of Base Section Surgeons, 14 Feb 44, p. 7, file HD 337. 40 Outline Presentation, 7 Feb 44, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. V, pp. 1-2; Voorhees, "Lawyer Among Army Doctors," pp. 85-86. 41 Fenton was Chief, Issue Branch, and Beers, Chief, Stock Control Branch, in the Supply Division, Office of the Surgeon General. Hangen, an executive of J. C. Penney and Company, was a specialist in warehouse operations. Voorhees, a New York lawyer and friend of Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson, initially headed the Legal Division, Office of the Surgeon General, and became involved in supply through his work on contracts. He became the confidential agent and troubleshooter of the surgeon general. The Control Division, which he headed, oversaw the operations of other divisions of Kirk's office. See Armfield, Organization and Administration, pp. 85-90 and 203-04, and Wiltse, ed., Medical Supply, pp. 18-21 and 280. See also Voorhees, "Resume," 12 Apr 44, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Voorhees, "Lawyer Among Army Doctors," pp. 83-84; Gorby Interv, 1962, pp. 2-3, CMH; Editorial Advisory Board, 1962, p. 32. 42 Quotation from Voorhees, "Lawyer Among Army Doctors," p. 84. See also Voorhees, "Resume," 12 Apr 44, pp. 1-2, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; correspondence for January-February 1944, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp); Hawley Planning Directive No. 24, 8 Jan 44, box 2, Hawley Papers, MHI; Memo, Hawley to Chief, Planning Division, 8 Jan 44, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Spruit Policy Notebook); Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. 1, p. 1. 43 Outline Presentation, 7 Feb 44, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HI) 333 ETO. 44 Ibid. 45 Voorhees, "Resume," 12 Apr 44, pp. 2-5; OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Report of Teleprinter Conference . . . With Representatives of TSG, 10 Feb 44; Memo, Hawley to DepCSurg (Cheltenham), 11 Feb 44; Ltr, Voorhees to Edward Reynolds, 7 Mar 44. All in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO. See also Voorhees, "Lawyer Among Army Doctors," pp. 87-90; Ltr, TSG to Hawley, 12 Feb 44, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). For Kenner's activities, see Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, February-April 1944. 46 Ltrs. Hawley to TSG, 20 Apr and 6 May 44; Ltr, TSG to Hawley, 26 Apr 44; Ltrs, Col E. Reynolds to Hawley, 16 May and 8 Jun 44; Ltr, Hawley to Reynolds, 15 Jun 44. All in file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). See also Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. I, p. 1, ex. III; Kelley Interv, 27 Jan 45, box 221, RG 112, NARA; Fenton Interv, 7 Jun 45, box 222, RG 112, NARA; Memo, Voorhees to Hawley, 25 Mar 44, sub: Review of Situation as to Medical Supply, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO. 47 The chief surgeon tried unsuccessfully to persuade the theater to authorize permanent non-T/O organizations adapted to the various depots, but the theater insisted on standard T/O units, leaving the field companies the only alternative. Each such company included 8 officers and 167 men. Of the fourteen such companies in the ETO by D-Day, eight were used in fixed depots; the rest were assigned to field armies or the SOS for mobile operations. See Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. II, pp. 1-2; Voorhees, "Resume," 12 Apr 44, and Ltr, Voorhees to TSG, 21 Feb 44, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Kelley Interv, 27 Jan 45, box 221, RG 112, NARA. 48 Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. II, pp 2-4, and sec. VI, pp. 6-7; Ltr, Voorhees to Reynolds, 7 Mar 44, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Memo, Medical Division, SHAEF, to ACofS, G-4, SHAEF, 7 Apr 44, in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, April 1944; Kelley Interv, 27 Jan 45, box 221, RG 112, NARA; Memo, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, to Maj Gen LeRoy Lutes, 1 May 44, file HD 024 ETO CS (Hawley Chron); Wiltse, ed., Medical Supply, pp. 285-87. These additional medical supply shipments were only a small part of the massive last-minute flow Of OVERLORD and BOLERO cargo into Britain. See Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:234-40 and 258-60. 49 The War Department initially hesitated to stop ordering from the British because of warnings from the Allies that, without firm American orders, they would shut down production, thereby foreclosing later purchases which might become necessary. Hawley and Voorhees, however, persuaded the Army Service Forces that the sufficiency of shipping and supplies and the inadequacies of British procurement more than justified a complete cutoff. See Voorhees, "Resume," 12 Apr 44, pp. 4-5; Memo, Voorhees to TSG, 14 Mar 44, sub: British Procurement; Memo, Lt Col L. H. Beers, MAC, to Voorhees, 18 Mar 44, sub: British Procurement; Memo, Voorhees to Hawley, 25 Mar 44, sub: Review of Situation as to Medical Supply. All in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO. 50 Before Voorhees made his request, the Office of the Surgeon General had plans to pack and ship twenty-four general hospitals for eventual use in France; it diverted these to Britain and then sent Voorhees' full request as well. Quotation from Voorhees, "Lawyer Among Army Doctors," p. 89. See also Memo, Voorhees to CSurg, ETO, Col Liston, Col Hays, and Maj Marshall, 16 Mar 44, sub: Status of Requirements for Hospital Assemblies, Dates of Expected Arrival, and Proposed Steps To Assure Timely Deliveries, in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ E"rouSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. V, pp. 1-2, and sec. VI, pp. 2-3; Mins, 16th Meeting of Base Section Surgeons, 28 Feb 44, p. 3, file HD 337; Wiltse, ed., Medical Supply, pp. 297-98. 51 Quotation from Ltr, Hawley to TSG, 3 Jun 44, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (Hawley-SGO Corresp). See also Memo, Col T. S. Voorhees and H. C. Hangen to TSG, 5 Apr 44, sub: Final Report as to Survey of Medical Supplies in E.T.O., in ETO Supply Survey, January-March 1944, file HD 333 ETO; Memo, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, to Lutes, 1 May 44, file HD 024 ETO CS (Hawley Chron). The medical supply situation more or less paralleled that in other technical services and the theater as a whole. See Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:261-66. 52 First U.S. Army Report of Operations, 20 Oct 43-1 Aug 44, bk. VII, p. 61. For personnel arrangements, see Surg, Third U.S. Army, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 16, 102, 105, and Nursing Division, OofCSurg, HQ, ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 9. 53 ADSEC Hist, p. 8; Surg, ADSEC, COMZ, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 3 and 38-39; Larkey "Hiss," ch. 8, pp. 23-25; file HD 370 (HQ ADSEC Plans and Corresp, 1944). For the hospital deletion, see Ltr (source of quotation), Hawley to Col A. A. Albright, MC, 19 May 44 (marked "not sent"), file HD 024 ETO CS (Hawley Chron), and Hawley Interv, 1962, p. 58, CMH. 54 For a general account of invasion training and exercises, see Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:191 and 334-54, and Harrison, Cross-Channel, pp. 162-64 and 269-70. See also remarks of Maj Gen J. L. Snyder, MC, in Editorial Advisory Board, 1962, pp. 69-70. For examples of training, see Surg, VII Corps, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 4-5; Surg, 1st Infantry Division, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 2; 53d Medical Battalion Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 2; and Force U Operations Order 2-44, an. NAN, 18 Apr 44, file HD 370 (Evaluation, Annex JIG); Surg, ADSEC, COMZ, Annual Rpt, 144, pp. 13-15, 31, 48; Hospitalization Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 5. Description of the medical response to the torpedo boat incident, from which the quotation is taken, is in OofSurg, United Kingdom Base, Historical Resume of the Planning for and Staging of Operation OVERLORD and the Preceding Exercises (hereafter cited as Surg, UKB, OVERLORD Resume), n.d., pp. 1-8, file HD 370. 55 First U.S. Army Operations Report, 20 Oct 431 Aug 44, bk. VII, pp. 73-74 and 114-16; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, secs. II, IV, and VI; Kelley Interv, 27 Jan 45, box 221, RG 112, NARA; Surg, United Kingdom Base, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 35; Mins, 18th Meeting of Base Section Surgeons, 27 Mar 44, pp. 2-3, file HD 337. Surg, VII Corps, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 68, contains a detailed description of the hand-carried container. 56 Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, secs. II and VI; Surg, ADSEC, COMZ, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 25; HQ SOS, ETOUSA, Mounting Plan, an. 8, Medical Corps (hereafter cited as SOS Mounting Plan), 20 Mar 44, in Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 3; Evacuation Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Daily Diary, 19 May 44, file HD 024 ETO; Kendrick, Blood Program, p. 512; Kelley Interv, 27 Jan 45, box 221, RG 112, NARA. 57 For the mounting system, see Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:218 and 357-62, and Southern Base Section History, August 1943-August 1944, pp. 6-7. See also Surg, UKB, OVERLORD Resume, pp. 1-4, file HD 370; SOS Mounting Plan, 20 Mar 44, in Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 3; Planning Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 6. 58 Each mess team included 1 officer, 4 cooks, and 11 men. The latter medical troops were only a few of the 4,500 new cooks hastily assembled for the camps. See Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:361. See also Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, pp. 28-31; SOS Mounting Plan, 20 Mar 44, in ibid., app. 3; Surg, UKB, OVERLORD Resume, pp. 11-12, file HD 370; Surg, Western Base Section, Rpt, 1 Jan-31 Aug 44, pp. 5-6; Mins, 13th and 15th Meetings of Base Section Surgeons, 17 Jan and 14 Feb 44, file HD 337; Surg, United Kingdom Base, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 22; Dental Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 4-5. 59 For the course of the embarkation, see Harrison, Cross-Channel, pp. 188-90 and 269-74; Ruppenthal, Logistical Support, 1:363-73; and Southern Base Section History, August 1943-August 1944, pp. 42-52. See also Surg, UKB, OVERLORD Resume, pp. 14-15, file HD 370; Surg, Infantry Division, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 2 and 5; ADSEC Hist, p. 8; Surg, United Kingdom Base, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 79-81; Surg, Western Base Section, Rpt, 1 Jan-31 Aug 44, pp. 5-6; Gordon "Hist," vol. 2, pt. 4, pp. 38-39, CMH. For the preventive medicine briefing, see Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 15. 60 SOS Mounting Plan, 20 Mar 44, in Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 3; Carter, ed., Surgical Consultants, 2:173-75. See also MFR, 5 Jan 44, sub: Decisions Made by Gen Hawley at Informal Conference With Cols Hartford and Peyton; Memo, Lt Col F. H. Mowrey, MC, n.d. sub: Evacuation and Medical Service at Hards; Memo, Col J. H. McNinch, MC, to OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, 15 Feb 44; Memo, Chief, Passenger Branch, Office of Coffrans, ETO, to ACoffrans, Movements, 2 Mar 44, sub: Evacuation of Sick and Wounded From the Continent. . . . All in EvacCorresp, 1942-44, file HD 024 ETO. 61 Surg, UKB, OVERLORD Resume, pp. 4-5, 813, 18, file HD 370; Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, pp. 31-32, 55-56, and ch. 13, p. 7; Evacuation Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 2-4; Surg, United Kingdom Base, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 20-21, 24, 44-46. For unit procurement, see Planning Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 8; SOS Mounting Plan, 20 Mar 44, in Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 3; and file HD 370 (HQ ADSEC Plans and Corresp, 1944). On unit activities, see 33d Medical Battalion Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 5-8; 93d Medical Gas Treatment Battalion Unit History, 1943-44, pp. 3-6; and 12th and 50th Field Hospitals Annual Rpts, 1944. 62 Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, pp. 28-31; Personnel Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 10-11; Mins, 14th, 18th, and 19th Meetings of Base Section Surgeons, respectively 31 Jan, 27 Mar, and 10 Apr 44, file HD 337; Surg, Western Base Section, Rpt, 1 Jan-31 Aug 44, p. 6. On LST teams, see Dowling, Normany Rpt, I 1 Jan 45, pp. 6-8, and file HD 705 ETO (Medical Care on LSTs, 1944). On drafts from hospitals, see Ltrs, Hawley to Col R. E. Thomas, MC, 27 Apr 44, and Hawley to Col M. M. Green, MC, 5 May 44, file HD 024 ETO CS (Hawley Chron); see also 5th General Hospital Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 5, and 12th Evacuation Hospital Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 8. On hospital carriers, see Evacuation Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Daily Diary, 16-30 May 44, file HD 024 ETO. 63 On reserve ambulances and trains, see file HD ETO 451.8 (Amb), 1942-44; Evacuation Branch, Operations Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Daily Diary, 19, 22, and 27 May 44, file HD 024 ETO. On supplies, see Surg, UKB, OVERLORD Resume, p. 12, file HD 370; Supply Division, OofCSurg, HQ E"roUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, sec. VI; Fenton Interv, 7 Jun 45, box 222, RG 112, NARA; Surg, United Kingdom Base, Annual Rpt. 1944, pp. 34-35. On exchange units, see First U.S. Army Report of Operations, 20 Oct 43-1 Aug 44, bk. VII, p. 75; Directive, HQ ETOUSA, to CG, FUSAG, and Cdr, US Fleet, TF 122, 19 May 44, sub: Initial Evacuation of Casualties From Far to Near Shore . . . , in Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, app. 5. 64 For number of beds, see Memo, Maj D. J. Twohig, MC, to CSurg, I Jun 44, sub: Status of Evaucation, EvacCorresp, 1944-45, file HD 370.05 ETO. See also Surg, UKB, OVERLORD Resume, pp. 13-14, file HD 370; Larkey "Hist," ch. 8, pp. 49-50; Surg, United Kingdom Base, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 16; Hospitalization Division, OofCSurg, HQ ETOUSA, Annual Rpt, 1944, p. 21; 12th Evacuation Hospital Annual Rpt, 1944, pp. 6-8. For bed clearing, see EvacCorresp, 1942-44, file HD 024 ETO; file HD 024 ETO CS (Hawley Chron) for April June 1944; and Hawley Interv, 1962, p. 58, CMH. 65 First and second quotations from Ltr, Hawley to TSG, 3 Jun 44, file HD 024 ETO O/CS (HawleySGO Corresp). Third quotation from Memo, Kenner to CofS, via ACofS, G-4, and CAdminOff, 20 May 44, sub: Report of Inspection of Medical Facilities, SBS, 9-13 May 44, in Medical Division, COSSAC/SHAEF, War Diary, May 1944.
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